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@ARTICLE{Hildebrand:190223,
      author       = {Hildebrand, P. and Königschulte, W. and Gaber, T. J. and
                      Bubenzer-Busch, S. and Helbold, K. and Biskup, C. S. and
                      Langen, Karl-Josef and Fink, Gereon Rudolf and Zepf, F. D.},
      title        = {{E}ffects of dietary tryptophan and phenylalanine-tyrosine
                      depletion on phasic alertness in healthy adults - {A} pilot
                      study},
      journal      = {Food $\&$ nutrition research},
      volume       = {59},
      issn         = {1654-661X},
      address      = {Häggeby [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Co-Action Publishing},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-03147},
      pages        = {26407},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {Background: The synthesis of the neurotransmitters
                      serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the brain can be
                      directly altered by dietary manipulation of their relevant
                      precursor amino acids (AA). There is evidence that altered
                      serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission are both
                      associated with impaired attentional control. Specifically,
                      phasic alertness is one specific aspect of attention that
                      has been linked to changes in 5-HT and DA availability in
                      different neurocircuitries related to attentional processes.
                      The present study investigated the impact of short-term
                      reductions in central nervous system 5-HT and DA synthesis,
                      which was achieved by dietary depletion of the relevant
                      precursor AA, on phasic alertness in healthy adult
                      volunteers; body weight–adapted dietary tryptophan and
                      phenylalanine–tyrosine depletion (PTD) techniques were
                      used.Methods: The study employed a double-blind
                      between-subject design. Fifty healthy male and female
                      subjects were allocated to three groups in a randomized and
                      counterbalanced manner and received three different dietary
                      challenge conditions: acute tryptophan depletion (ATD, for
                      the depletion of 5-HT; N=16), PTD (for the depletion of DA;
                      N=17), and a balanced AA load (BAL; N=17), which served as a
                      control condition. Three hours after challenge intake
                      (ATD/PTD/BAL), phasic alertness was assessed using a
                      standardized test battery for attentional performance (TAP).
                      Blood samples for AA level analyses were obtained at
                      baseline and 360 min after the challenge intake.Results:
                      Overall, there were no significant differences in phasic
                      alertness for the different challenge conditions. Regarding
                      PTD administration, a positive correlation between the
                      reaction times and the DA-related depletion magnitude was
                      detected via the lower plasma tyrosine levels and the slow
                      reaction times of the first run of the task. In contrast,
                      higher tryptophan concentrations were associated with slower
                      reaction times in the fourth run of the task in the same
                      challenge group.Conclusion: The present study is the first
                      to demonstrate preliminary data that support an association
                      between decreased central nervous system DA synthesis, which
                      was achieved by dietary depletion strategies, and slower
                      reaction times in specific runs of a task designed to assess
                      phasic alertness in healthy adult volunteers; these findings
                      are consistent with previous evidence that links phasic
                      alertness with dopaminergic neurotransmission. A lack of
                      significant differences between the three groups could be
                      due to compensatory mechanisms and the limited sample size,
                      as well as the dietary challenge procedures administered to
                      healthy participants and the strict exclusion criteria used.
                      The potential underlying neurochemical processes related to
                      phasic alertness should be the subject of further
                      investigations.},
      cin          = {INM-3 / INM-4},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-3-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)INM-4-20090406},
      pnm          = {572 - (Dys-)function and Plasticity (POF3-572)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-572},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000354054800001},
      doi          = {10.3402/fnr.v59.26407},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/190223},
}