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@PHDTHESIS{CysneBarbosa:19821,
      author       = {Cysne Barbosa, Ana Paula},
      title        = {{D}evelopment of the 2-{C}omponent-{I}njection {M}oulding
                      for {M}etal {P}owders},
      volume       = {127},
      school       = {Ruhr-Universität Bochum},
      type         = {Dr. (Univ.)},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-19821},
      isbn         = {978-3-89336-753-5},
      series       = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich : Energie $\&$
                      Umwelt / Energy $\&$ Environment},
      pages        = {XIV, 150 S.},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {Record converted from JUWEL: 18.07.2013; Ruhr-Universität
                      Bochum, Diss. 2011},
      abstract     = {2-Component-Metal Injection Moulding (2-C-MIM) is a
                      technique derived from plastics industry which has been
                      adapted to metal powders. By using this technology, the
                      production of titanium parts combining dense and porous
                      parts becomes possible. Such a structure with a gradient in
                      porosity is attractive for biomedical implants, as the pores
                      promote a mechanical interlock between bone tissue and
                      implant material. The dense part of the structure is
                      responsible for the mechanical stability of the implant. For
                      the fabrication of metal parts with a gradient in porosity,
                      feedstocks with and without space holder particles are
                      employed. A 2-C-MIM machine and a specifically designed tool
                      are used for the combination of these feedstocks in the same
                      green part. After removal of the binder and space holder
                      material, the parts are sintered and a structure with a
                      gradient in porosity is obtained. First 2-C-MIM experiments
                      were conducted with a standard binder system previously
                      developed at the institute IEK-1 at
                      $\textit{Forschungszentrum Jülich}$. Results achieved with
                      this binder system indicated binder-powder phase separation
                      during injection, which occurred due to the low viscosity of
                      the binder system used (0.15 Pa·s). The need for the
                      development of a new binder system with a more suitable
                      flowing behaviour became clear. Moreover, the partial
                      debinding method employed so far (wicking) needed to be
                      substituted by another method with a more industrial
                      approach. New binder systems comprising a wide range of
                      viscosity were developed, where the partial debinding method
                      employed was solvent extraction in n-hexane. A binder system
                      with a viscosity of 12.4 Pa·s was chosen for further
                      investigations, due to the suitability of flowing behaviour
                      of its feedstock. The viscosity of feedstocks was measured,
                      where the use of space holder particles was found to
                      decrease viscosity. After addition of stearic acid and
                      optimisation of the solids content, feedstocks with 72 and
                      64 Vol.\% solids loading (with and without space holder,
                      respectively) were used in injection moulding trials. After
                      optimisation of the injection temperature of feedstock,
                      prototypes of titanium spinal implants with a gradient in
                      porosity were successfully produced and characterised. The
                      availability of the net-shape production of such implants by
                      2-C-MIM means a reduction of costs in case of large scale
                      production, as compared to the fabrication method current
                      employed (pressing and green machining).},
      cin          = {IEK-1},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {Rationelle Energieumwandlung},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK402},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11 / PUB:(DE-HGF)3},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/19821},
}