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@ARTICLE{Niedermeier:20009,
      author       = {Niedermeier, D. and Hartmann, S. and Clauss, T. and Wex, H.
                      and Kiselev, A. and Sullivan, R.C. and DeMott, P.J. and
                      Petters, M.D. and Reitz, P. and Schneider, J. and Mikhailov,
                      E. and Sierau, B. and Stetzer, O. and Reimann, B. and
                      Bundke, U. and Shaw, R.A. and Buchholz, A. and Mentel, T.F.
                      and Stratmann, F.},
      title        = {{E}xperimental study of the role of physicochemical surface
                      processing on the {IN} ability of mineral dust particles},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {11},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-20009},
      pages        = {11131 - 11144},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {This work is part of a DFG project under contract HE
                      939/21-1 and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research
                      (grant 10-03-00950-a). The measurement campaign FROST 2 was
                      conducted within the Helmholtz Virtual Institute
                      "Aerosol-Cloud Interactions" funded by the Helmholtz
                      society. R. C. Sullivan and P. J. DeMott acknowledge
                      additional support for US National Science Foundation grant
                      ATM-0841602. Additionally, the campaign was financially
                      supported by the research project EUROCHAMP funded within
                      the EC 6th Framework Program, Section "Support for Research
                      Infrastructures - Integrated Infrastructure Initiative". We
                      would also like to thank J. Curtius, University of
                      Frankfurt, for a valuable discussion, and the
                      Interdisciplinary Resource Center for Nanotechnology of St.
                      Petersburg State University and E. Ubyivovk for TEM analysis
                      of the ATD samples.},
      abstract     = {During the measurement campaign FROST 2 (FReezing Of duST
                      2), the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS)
                      was used to investigate the influence of various surface
                      modifications on the ice nucleating ability of Arizona Test
                      Dust (ATD) particles in the immersion freezing mode. The
                      dust particles were exposed to sulfuric acid vapor, to water
                      vapor with and without the addition of ammonia gas, and heat
                      using a thermodenuder operating at 250 degrees C. Size
                      selected, quasi monodisperse particles with a mobility
                      diameter of 300 nm were fed into LACIS and droplets grew on
                      these particles such that each droplet contained a single
                      particle. Temperature dependent frozen fractions of these
                      droplets were determined in a temperature range between -40
                      degrees C <= T <= -28 degrees C. The pure ATD particles
                      nucleated ice over a broad temperature range with their
                      freezing behavior being separated into two freezing branches
                      characterized through different slopes in the frozen
                      fraction vs. temperature curves. Coating the ATD particles
                      with sulfuric acid resulted in the particles' IN potential
                      significantly decreasing in the first freezing branch (T >
                      -35 degrees C) and a slight increase in the second branch (T
                      <= -35 degrees C). The addition of water vapor after the
                      sulfuric acid coating caused the disappearance of the first
                      freezing branch and a strong reduction of the IN ability in
                      the second freezing branch. The presence of ammonia gas
                      during water vapor exposure had a negligible effect on the
                      particles' IN ability compared to the effect of water vapor.
                      Heating in the thermodenuder led to a decreased IN ability
                      of the sulfuric acid coated particles for both branches but
                      the additional heat did not or only slightly change the IN
                      ability of the pure ATD and the water vapor exposed sulfuric
                      acid coated particles. In other words, the combination of
                      both sulfuric acid and water vapor being present is a main
                      cause for the ice active surface features of the ATD
                      particles being destroyed. A possible explanation could be
                      the chemical transformation of ice active metal silicates to
                      metal sulfates. The strongly enhanced reaction between
                      sulfuric acid and dust in the presence of water vapor and
                      the resulting significant reductions in IN potential are of
                      importance for atmospheric ice cloud formation. Our findings
                      suggest that the IN concentration can decrease by up to one
                      order of magnitude for the conditions investigated.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000296967900022},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-11-11131-2011},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/20009},
}