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@ARTICLE{Moghadas:201147,
      author       = {Moghadas, Davood and Jadoon, Khan Zaib and Vanderborght,
                      Jan and Lambot, Sebastian and Vereecken, Harry},
      title        = {{E}stimation of the near surface soil water content during
                      evaporation using air-launched ground-penetrating radar},
      journal      = {Near surface geophysics},
      volume       = {12},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {1873-0604},
      address      = {Houten},
      publisher    = {EAGE},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-03452},
      pages        = {623-633},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {Evaporation is an important process in the global water
                      cycle and its variation affects the near surface soil water
                      content, which is crucial for surface hydrology and climate
                      modelling. Soil evaporation rate is often characterized by
                      two distinct phases, namely, the energy limited phase
                      (stage-I) and the soil hydraulic limited period (stage-II).
                      In this paper, a laboratory experiment was conducted using a
                      sand box filled with fine sand, which was subject to
                      evaporation for a period of twenty three days. The setup was
                      equipped with a weighting system to record automatically the
                      weight of the sand box with a constant time-step.
                      Furthermore, time-lapse air-launched ground penetrating
                      radar (GPR) measurements were performed to monitor the
                      evaporation process. The GPR model involves a full-waveform
                      frequency-domain solution of Maxwell’s equations for wave
                      propagation in three-dimensional multilayered media. The
                      accuracy of the full-waveform GPR forward modelling with
                      respect to three different petrophysical models was
                      investigated. Moreover, full-waveform inversion of the GPR
                      data was used to estimate the quantitative information, such
                      as near surface soil water content. The two stages of
                      evaporation can be clearly observed in the radargram, which
                      indicates qualitatively that enough information is contained
                      in the GPR data. The fullwaveform GPR inversion allows for
                      accurate estimation of the near surface soil water content
                      during extended evaporation phases, when a wide frequency
                      range of GPR (0.8–5.0 GHz) is taken into account. In
                      addition, the results indicate that the CRIM model may
                      constitute a relevant alternative in solving the
                      frequency-dependency issue for full waveform GPR modelling.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {246 - Modelling and Monitoring Terrestrial Systems: Methods
                      and Technologies (POF2-246) / 255 - Terrestrial Systems:
                      From Observation to Prediction (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-246 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000347643300006},
      doi          = {10.3997/1873-0604.2014017},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/201147},
}