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@ARTICLE{Borchard:201159,
      author       = {Borchard, N. and Wolf, A. and Laabs, V. and Aeckersberg, R.
                      and Scherer, H. W. and Moeller, A. and Amelung, W.},
      title        = {{P}hysical activation of biochar and its meaning for soil
                      fertility and nutrient leaching - a greenhouse experiment},
      journal      = {Soil use and management},
      volume       = {28},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {0266-0032},
      address      = {Oxford [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-03464},
      pages        = {177 - 184},
      year         = {2012},
      abstract     = {The slow alteration of the surface of charred biomass
                      (biochar) over time may contribute to an improved nutrient
                      retention and thus fertility of tropical soils. Here, we
                      investigated soils from temperate climates and investigated
                      whether a technical steam activation of biochar could
                      accelerate its positive effects on nutrient retention and
                      uptake by plants relative to nonactivated biochar. To this
                      aim, we performed microcosm experiments with sandy or silty
                      soil, mixed with 2.0, 7.5 and 15.0 g/kg soil of fine (<2 mm)
                      or coarse-sized (2–10 mm) biochar from beech wood (Fagus
                      sp.). After initial fertilizer (NPK), ashes and excess
                      nutrients were leached with water, and the microcosms were
                      planted for 142 days with Italian Ryegrass (Lolium
                      multiflorum ssp. italicum). Thereafter, leachate, soil and
                      plant samples were analysed for their nutrient contents. The
                      results showed that biochar additions of ≤15 g/kg soil
                      left elevated contents of available P and N in the surface
                      soil but reduced their uptake into the plants. As a result,
                      total biomass production was unchanged. Different particle
                      size and application amounts influenced these findings only
                      marginally. Nitrate leaching was enhanced in the sandy soil
                      $(+41\%$ for nitrate, but reduced in the silty soil
                      $−17\%)$ and P was immobilized. Hence, the fertility of
                      the temperate soils under study was only marginally affected
                      by pure biochar amendments. Steam activation, however,
                      almost doubled the positive effects of biochars in all
                      instances, thus being an interesting option for future
                      biochar applications.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {630},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {246 - Modelling and Monitoring Terrestrial Systems: Methods
                      and Technologies (POF2-246) / 255 - Terrestrial Systems:
                      From Observation to Prediction (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-246 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000305399300005},
      doi          = {10.1111/j.1475-2743.2012.00407.x},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/201159},
}