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@ARTICLE{Shang:201478,
      author       = {Shang, Dashan and Li, Peining and Wang, Tao and Carria,
                      Egidio and Sun, Jirong and Shen, Baogen and Taubner, Thomas
                      and Valov, Ilia and Waser, Rainer and Wuttig, Matthias},
      title        = {{U}nderstanding the conductive channel evolution in
                      {N}a:{WO} $_{3−x}$ -based planar devices},
      journal      = {Nanoscale},
      volume       = {7},
      number       = {14},
      issn         = {2040-3372},
      address      = {Cambridge},
      publisher    = {RSC Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-03773},
      pages        = {6023 - 6030},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {An ion migration process in a solid electrolyte is
                      important for ion-based functional devices, such as fuel
                      cells, batteries, electrochromics, gas sensors, and
                      resistive switching systems. In this study, a planar
                      sandwich structure is prepared by depositing tungsten oxide
                      (WO3−x) films on a soda-lime glass substrate, from which
                      Na+ diffuses into the WO3−x films during the deposition.
                      The entire process of Na+ migration driven by an alternating
                      electric field is visualized in the Na-doped WO3−x films
                      in the form of conductive channel by in situ optical imaging
                      combined with infrared spectroscopy and near-field imaging
                      techniques. A reversible change of geometry between a
                      parabolic and a bar channel is observed with the resistance
                      change of the devices. The peculiar channel evolution is
                      interpreted by a thermal-stress-induced mechanical
                      deformation of the films and an asymmetric Na+ mobility
                      between the parabolic and the bar channels. These results
                      exemplify a typical ion migration process driven by an
                      alternating electric field in a solid electrolyte with a low
                      ion mobility and are expected to be beneficial to improve
                      the controllability of the ion migration in ion-based
                      functional devices, such as resistive switching devices.},
      cin          = {PGI-7},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-7-20110106},
      pnm          = {524 - Controlling Collective States (POF3-524)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-524},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000351934700015},
      doi          = {10.1039/C4NR07545E},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/201478},
}