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@ARTICLE{Hao:201682,
      author       = {Hao, Xiaoguang and Gourdon, Olivier and Liddle, Brendan J.
                      and Bartlett, Bart M.},
      title        = {{I}mproved electrode kinetics in lithium manganospinel
                      nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal methods:
                      identifying and eliminating oxygen vacancies},
      journal      = {Journal of materials chemistry},
      volume       = {22},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {1364-5501},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {ChemSoc},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-03976},
      pages        = {1578 - 1591},
      year         = {2012},
      abstract     = {Lithium-rich manganospinel (Li1+xMn2–xO4–δ, lithium
                      manganese oxide) has been synthesized by hydrothermal
                      methods employing potassium permanganate, lithium hydroxide,
                      and acetone as synthons. The solid product crystallizes as
                      30–50 nm particles with some larger 100–300 nm particles
                      also occurring. Materials prepared by this low-temperature
                      route contain oxygen vacancies which can be demonstrated by
                      combining thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning
                      calorimetry, and cyclic voltammetry. Oxygen vacancies can be
                      minimized beyond the limits of detection for these
                      experiments by annealing the compound in air at 500 °C for
                      4 h. At room temperature, Rietveld refinement of the powder
                      neutron diffraction pattern shows an orthorhombic Fddd(α00)
                      superlattice of the Fd[3 with combining macron]m space group
                      for hydrothermally synthesized lithium manganospinel. After
                      annealing, oxygen vacancies are eliminated and the
                      superlattice features disappear. Furthermore, the
                      hydrothermal synthesis of lithium manganospinel performed
                      under a pure oxygen atmosphere followed by annealing at 500
                      °C for 4 h in air gives superior electrochemical
                      properties. This compound shows a reversible capacity of 115
                      mAh/g when cycled at a rate C/3 and retains $93.6\%$ of this
                      capacity after 100 cycles. This same capacity is observed at
                      the faster rate of 3C. At 5C, the capacity drops to 99
                      mAh/g, but capacity retention remains greater than $95\%$
                      after 100 cycles. Finally, when cycled at 5C at an elevated
                      temperature of 55 °C, the O2 annealed sample shows an
                      initial capacity of 99 mAh/g with $89\%$ capacity retention
                      after 100 cycles. The high rate capability of this material
                      is ascribed to fast lithium-ion diffusion, estimated to be
                      10−7 to 10−9 cm2 s−1 by electrochemical impedance
                      spectroscopy.},
      cin          = {ICS-1 / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1 / Jülich Centre for
                      Neutron Science JCNS (JCNS) ; JCNS},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICS-1-20110106 / I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-SNS-20110128},
      pnm          = {451 - Soft Matter Composites (POF2-451) / 54G - JCNS
                      (POF2-54G24)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-451 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-54G24},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000298878100048},
      doi          = {10.1039/C1JM15583K},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/201682},
}