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@INPROCEEDINGS{Tokariev:202853,
      author       = {Tokariev, Oleg A. and Berger, Cornelius and Orzessek, Peter
                      and Quadakkers, Willem J. and Fang, Qingping and Blum,
                      Ludger and Menzler, Norbert H. and Guillon, Olivier},
      title        = {{A} first prototype of high-temperature rechargeable oxide
                      batteries ({ROB}) with iron-based storage material},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-05005},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {The present investigation describes the results of a
                      kinetic study of porous storage material for a novel
                      high-temperature rechargeable oxide battery (ROB). The new
                      planar battery design consists of a regenerative solid oxide
                      cell and a storage redox unit with a stagnant hydrogen/steam
                      atmosphere and embedded porous Fe-based material which has
                      to provide high oxygen-ion storage capacity, good reaction
                      kinetics and long-term stability.During long-term exposure
                      in the alternating redox atmosphere at 800 °C, the
                      structure of the storage material shows degradation effects
                      like structural coarsening and outward iron diffusion, thus
                      making the storage element incapable of storing the required
                      amount of oxygen during continuous operation of the
                      rechargeable battery. The porous Fe/Fe-oxide storage
                      material is therefore supported by inert or reactive oxides.
                      Addition of inert oxides (e.g. ZrO2) in sufficient amount
                      reduces the microstructural degradation, however results in
                      a substantial decrease in storage capacity. Among the added
                      oxides forming mixed oxides with Fe in the relevant oxygen
                      partial pressure range of ~ 10-18 – 10-20 bar, the most
                      promising results were obtained with additions of MgO and
                      CaO. During the oxidation step these oxides form mixed
                      oxides with Fe oxide which in turn change composition during
                      the reduction step. In this way a framework is obtained
                      which reduces sintering and outward Fe migration in the
                      storage component.In addition to these studies,
                      supplementary research of the iron-based storage material
                      was carried out aiming at microstructural optimization of
                      porosity and powder morphology. Also, more feasible
                      manufacturing methods such as tape casting and extrusion
                      were successfully implemented for production of storage
                      elements. The storage materials with the best results
                      regarding capacity, efficiency, and lifetime were used
                      during pilot battery testing to examine material behavior
                      under real operating conditions, showing ~ 200 full
                      charge-discharge cycles of up to 70 minutes each with a
                      current density of 150 mA/cm2.},
      month         = {Jun},
      date          = {2015-06-21},
      organization  = {14th International Conference of the
                       European Ceramic Society, Toledo
                       (Spain), 21 Jun 2015 - 25 Jun 2015},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {IEK-1},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135) / SOFC - Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
                      (SOFC-20140602) / HITEC - Helmholtz Interdisciplinary
                      Doctoral Training in Energy and Climate Research (HITEC)
                      (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135 / G:(DE-Juel1)SOFC-20140602 /
                      G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/202853},
}