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@ARTICLE{Yao:203011,
      author       = {Yao, Jizhong and Kirchartz, Thomas and Vezie, Michelle S.
                      and Faist, Mark A. and Gong, Wei and He, Zhicai and Wu,
                      Hongbin and Troughton, Joel and Watson, Trystan and Bryant,
                      Daniel and Nelson, Jenny},
      title        = {{Q}uantifying {L}osses in {O}pen-{C}ircuit {V}oltage in
                      {S}olution-{P}rocessable {S}olar {C}ells},
      journal      = {Physical review applied},
      volume       = {4},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2331-7019},
      address      = {College Park, Md. [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {American Physical Society},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-05111},
      pages        = {014020},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {The maximum open-circuit voltage of a solar cell can be
                      evaluated in terms of its ability to emit light. We herein
                      verify the reciprocity relation between the
                      electroluminescence spectrum and subband-gap quantum
                      efficiency spectrum for several photovoltaic technologies at
                      different stages of commercial development, including
                      inorganic, organic, and a type of methyl-ammonium lead-
                      halide CH3NH3PbI3−xClx perovskite solar cells. Based on
                      the detailed balance theory and reciprocity relations
                      between light emission and light absorption, voltage losses
                      at open circuit are quantified and assigned to specific
                      mechanisms, namely, absorption edge broadening and
                      nonradiative recombination. The voltage loss due to
                      nonradiative recombination is low for inorganic solar cells
                      (0.04–0.21 V), while for organic solar cell devices it is
                      larger but surprisingly uniform, with values of 0.34–0.44
                      V for a range of material combinations. We show that, in
                      CH3NH3PbI3−xClx perovskite solar cells that exhibit
                      hysteresis, the loss to nonradiative recombination varies
                      substantially with voltage scan conditions. We then show
                      that for different solar cell technologies there is a
                      roughly linear relation between the power conversion
                      efficiency and the voltage loss due to nonradiative
                      recombination.},
      cin          = {IEK-5},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-5-20101013},
      pnm          = {121 - Solar cells of the next generation (POF3-121)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-121},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000358610300001},
      doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevApplied.4.014020},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/203011},
}