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@ARTICLE{Senbayram:203165,
      author       = {Senbayram, Mehmet and Bol, Roland and Dixon, Liz and
                      Fisher, Andrew and Stevens, Carly and Quinton, John and
                      Fangueiro, David},
      title        = {{P}otential use of rare earth oxides as tracers of organic
                      matter in grassland},
      journal      = {Journal of plant nutrition and soil science},
      volume       = {178},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1436-8730},
      address      = {Weinheim},
      publisher    = {Wiley-VCH},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-05170},
      pages        = {288 - 296},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {Tracing organic matter (OM) in soil is challenging, because
                      runoff and leaching processes are interrelated and have
                      multiple sources. Therefore, multiple tracers with low
                      background concentrations such as rare earth element oxides
                      (REOs) are necessary to delineate the origin of sources of
                      the organic materials in groundwater, rivers or in
                      catchments. The main objective of this study was to examine
                      the potential use of REOs as a tracer in various forms of OM
                      (1) whole slurry, (2) solid, and (3) liquid phase of cattle
                      slurry after mechanical separation. A laboratory experiment
                      was carried out using five REOs (La, Gd, Sm, Pr, and Nd
                      oxides) mixed directly into soil or mixed with various
                      fractions of cattle slurry and then applied to the soil
                      surface. In the additional grassland experiment, Gd oxide
                      was spiked with soil and cattle slurry and then applied to
                      the soil surface. The mineral N in the liquid phase (urine)
                      of the slurry in the grassland experiment was labelled with
                      15N urea (16 $atom\%).$ In the laboratory experiment,
                      results showed that the five REOs concentration of soil in
                      0–1 cm soil section after the rainfall simulation was
                      still up to 20 times more than the background values. In
                      1–2 cm soil section, the concentration of only Gd (two
                      fold higher) and La oxides $(50\%$ higher) were
                      significantly higher than the soil background values.
                      Therefore, we hypothesized that Gd and La oxides were
                      associated also with relatively finer organic particles in
                      slurry, thus 1–2 cm soil section were enriched with these
                      oxides. The five REOs concentration below 2 cm soil depth
                      were similar to the background values in all treatments. In
                      line with the laboratory experiment, Gd concentrations in
                      the deeper soil layers (2–4 and 4–8 cm) in the grassland
                      experiment were not significantly affected by any treatment.
                      Both in grassland and laboratory experiment, solid phase of
                      the slurry (dung) was collected from the soil surface after
                      rainfall simulation. Here, about $56\%$ of REOs were
                      measured on the solid phase of the slurry which indicates
                      the strong binding potential of REOs on slurry OM. The
                      present novel study, where REO tagged slurry was uniquely
                      tested to study geochemical cycle of organic fertilizers,
                      clearly highlighted the potential for their use as
                      multiple-tracers of (animal derived-) OM in agricultural
                      soils.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000352570800015},
      doi          = {10.1002/jpln.201400465},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/203165},
}