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@ARTICLE{Engelhardt:203172,
      author       = {Engelhardt, Irina and Sittig, Stephan and Šimůnek, Jirka
                      and Groeneweg, Joost and Pütz, Thomas and Vereecken, Harry},
      title        = {{F}ate of the antibiotic sulfadiazine in natural soils:
                      {E}xperimental and numerical investigations},
      journal      = {Journal of contaminant hydrology},
      volume       = {177-178},
      issn         = {0169-7722},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-05177},
      pages        = {30 - 42},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {Based on small-scale laboratory and field-scale lysimeter
                      experiments, the sorption and biodegradation of sulfonamide
                      sulfadiazine (SDZ) were investigated in unsaturated sandy
                      and silty-clay soils. Sorption and biodegradation were low
                      in the laboratory, while the highest leaching rates were
                      observed when SDZ was mixed with manure. The leaching rate
                      decreased when SDZ was mixed with pure water, and was
                      smallest with the highest SDZ concentrations. In the
                      laboratory, three transformation products (TPs) developed
                      after an initial lag phase. However, the amount of TPs was
                      different for different mixing-scenarios. The TP
                      2-aminopyrimidine was not observed in the laboratory, but
                      was the most prevalent TP at the field scale. Sorption was
                      within the same range at the laboratory and field scales.
                      However, distinctive differences occurred with respect to
                      biodegradation, which was higher in the field lysimeters
                      than at the laboratory scale. While the silty-clay soil
                      favored sorption of SDZ, the sandy, and thus highly
                      permeable, soil was characterized by short half-lives and
                      thus a quick biodegradation of SDZ. For 2-aminopyrimidine,
                      half-lives of only a few days were observed. Increased
                      field-scale biodegradation in the sandy soil resulted from a
                      higher water and air permeability that enhanced oxygen
                      transport and limited oxygen depletion. Furthermore, low pH
                      was more important than the organic matter and clay content
                      for increasing the biodegradation of SDZ. A numerical
                      analysis of breakthrough curves of bromide, SDZ, and its TPs
                      showed that preferential flow pathways strongly affected the
                      solute transport within shallow parts of the soil profile at
                      the field scale. However, this effect was reduced in deeper
                      parts of the soil profile. Due to high field-scale
                      biodegradation in several layers of both soils, neither SDZ
                      nor 2-aminopyrimidine was detected in the discharge of the
                      lysimeter at a depth of 1 m. Synthetic 50 year long
                      simulations, which considered the application of manure with
                      SDZ for general agricultural practices in Germany and humid
                      climate conditions, showed that the concentration of SDZ
                      decreased below 0.1 μg/L in both soils below the depth of
                      50 cm.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000356738600003},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.02.006},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/203172},
}