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@ARTICLE{Kirner:203191,
      author       = {Kirner, O. and Müller, Rolf and Ruhnke, R. and Fischer,
                      H.},
      title        = {{C}ontribution of liquid, {NAT} and ice particles to
                      chlorine activation and ozone depletion in {A}ntarctic
                      winter and spring},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-05192},
      pages        = {2019 - 2030},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {Heterogeneous reactions in the Antarctic stratosphere are
                      the cause of chlorine activation and ozone depletion, but
                      the relative roles of different types of polar stratospheric
                      clouds (PSCs) in chlorine activation is an open question. We
                      use multi-year simulations of the chemistry-climate model
                      ECHAM5/MESSy for Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) to investigate
                      the impact that the various types of PSCs have on Antarctic
                      chlorine activation and ozone loss.One standard and three
                      sensitivity EMAC simulations have been performed. In all
                      simulations a Newtonian relaxation technique using the
                      ERA-Interim reanalysis was applied to simulate realistic
                      synoptic conditions. In the three sensitivity simulations,
                      we only changed the heterogeneous chemistry on PSC particles
                      by switching the chemistry on liquid, nitric acid trihydrate
                      (NAT) and ice particles on and off. The results of these
                      simulations show that the significance of heterogeneous
                      reactions on NAT and ice particles for chlorine activation
                      and ozone depletion in Antarctic winter and spring is small
                      in comparison to the significance of heterogeneous reactions
                      on liquid particles. Liquid particles alone are sufficient
                      to activate almost all of the available chlorine, with the
                      exception of the upper PSC regions between 10 and 30 hPa,
                      where temporarily ice particles show a relevant
                      contribution. Shortly after the first PSC occurrence, NAT
                      particles contribute a small fraction to chlorine
                      activation.Heterogeneous chemistry on liquid particles is
                      responsible for more than $90\%$ of the ozone depletion in
                      Antarctic spring in the model simulations. In high southern
                      latitudes, heterogeneous chemistry on ice particles causes
                      only up to 5 DU of additional ozone depletion in the column
                      and heterogeneous chemistry on NAT particles less than 0.5
                      DU.The simulated HNO3, ClO and O3 results agree closely with
                      observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) onboard
                      NASA's Aura satellite.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000351197000003},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-15-2019-2015},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/203191},
}