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@ARTICLE{Ma:203323,
      author       = {Ma, Yao and Weimer, Christian and Yang, Nianjun and Zhang,
                      Lei and Staedler, Thorsten and Jiang, Xin},
      title        = {{L}ow-temperature growth of carbon nanofiber using a
                      vapor–facet–solid process},
      journal      = {Materials today / Communications},
      volume       = {2},
      issn         = {2352-4928},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-05290},
      pages        = {e55 - e61},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {Most carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are grown at temperatures
                      higher than 700 °C with a chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
                      process and their growths are explained using the
                      vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mechanism. Herein we report the
                      realization of low temperature growth of CNFs and the
                      interpretation of their growth with a vapor–facet–solid
                      (VFS) mechanism. CNFs were synthesized via a thermal CVD
                      process at the temperature as low as 350 °C and
                      characterized using elemental analysis, gas
                      chromatography–mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron
                      spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. They feature unique
                      structures of partly ordered discontinuous and hydrogen rich
                      polymer sheets with a diameters of 0.5–1.5 nm. Based on a
                      trimerization reaction occurring on the Fe catalyst surface,
                      their initial growth step is the formation of six-membered
                      rings from the source gas (i.e. C2H2). Subsequently, these
                      rings act as structural unit and construct various larger
                      planar molecules. Due to catalytic difference of the
                      crystalline faces for a given Fe catalyst particle, a
                      concentration gradient of hydrocarbon molecule introduces
                      simultaneously. This gradient drives the diffusion of
                      hydrocarbon molecule from the Fe(1 1 0) to the Fe(1 0 0)
                      face, leading to the formation of disordered hydrogen-rich
                      polymer structures. Highly graphitic CNFs can be obtained
                      simply by annealing those polymer structures at higher
                      temperatures. This growth mode proposed is workable whenever
                      transition metal catalyzed nanostructures are synthesized by
                      a thermal CVD process at low temperatures},
      cin          = {PGI-5},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-5-20110106},
      pnm          = {143 - Controlling Configuration-Based Phenomena (POF3-143)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-143},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000364735200008},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.mtcomm.2014.12.003},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/203323},
}