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@ARTICLE{Schmidt:20621,
      author       = {Schmidt, T. and Cammas, J.-P. and Smit, H.G.J. and Heise,
                      S. and Wickert, J. and Haser, A.},
      title        = {{O}bservational characteristics of the tropopause inversion
                      layer derived from {CHMAP}/{GRACE} radio occultations and
                      {MOZAIC} aircraft data},
      journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
      volume       = {115},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-20621},
      pages        = {D24304},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {The authors would like to thank the other members of the
                      CHAMP and GRACE team at GFZ Potsdam working with RO data and
                      providing the orbits. The authors acknowledge the strong
                      support of the European Commission, Airbus, and the airlines
                      (Lufthansa, Austrian, Air France, and Air Namibia) that
                      carry free of charge the MOZAIC equipment and have performed
                      the maintenance since 1994. MOZAIC is presently funded by
                      INSU-CNRS (France), Meteo-France, and Research Centre Julich
                      (Germany). The MOZAIC database is supported by ETHER (CNES
                      and INSU-CNRS). Further, the authors thank ECMWF for the
                      provision of operational ananlyses and the ERA interim data.
                      Finally, the authors thank the three anonymous reviewers for
                      their constructive comments and suggestions which helped to
                      improve the article.},
      abstract     = {In this study we discuss characteristics of the Northern
                      Hemisphere (NH) midlatitude (40 degrees N-60 degrees N)
                      tropopause inversion layer (TIL) based on two data sets.
                      First, temperature measurements from GPS radio occultation
                      data (CHAMP and GRACE) for the time interval 2001-2009 are
                      used to exhibit seasonal properties of the TIL bottom height
                      defined here as the height of the squared buoyancy frequency
                      minimum N-2 below the thermal tropopause, the TIL maximum
                      height as the height of the N-2 maximum above the
                      tropopause, and the TIL top height as the height of the
                      temperature maximum above the tropopause. Mean values of the
                      TIL bottom, TIL maximum, and TIL top heights relative to the
                      thermal tropopause for the NH midlatitudes are (-2.08 +/-
                      0.35) km, (0.52 +/- 0.10) km and (2.10 +/- 0.23) km,
                      respectively. A seasonal cycle of the TIL bottom and TIL top
                      height is observed with values closer to the thermal
                      tropopause during summer. Secondly, high-resolution
                      temperature and trace gas profile measurements on board
                      commercial aircrafts (Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor
                      by Airbus In-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC) program) from
                      2001-2008 for the NH midlatitude (40 degrees N-60 degrees N)
                      region are used to characterize the TIL as a mixing layer
                      around the tropopause. Mean TIL bottom, TIL maximum, and TIL
                      top heights based on the MOZAIC temperature (N-2)
                      measurements confirm the results from the GPS data, even
                      though most of the MOZAIC profiles used here are available
                      under cyclonic situations. Further, we demonstrate that the
                      mixing ratio gradients of ozone (O-3) and carbon monoxide
                      (CO) are suitable parameters for characterizing the TIL
                      structure.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000285463100004},
      doi          = {10.1029/2010JD014284},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/20621},
}