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@ARTICLE{Luo:20623,
      author       = {Luo, Z.J. and Kley, D. and Johnson, R.H. and Liu, G.Y. and
                      Nawrath, S. and Smit, H.G.J.},
      title        = {{I}nfluence of {S}ea {S}urface {T}emperature on {H}umidity
                      and {T}emperature in the {O}utflow of {T}ropical {D}eep
                      {C}onvection},
      journal      = {Journal of climate},
      volume       = {25},
      issn         = {0894-8755},
      address      = {Boston, Mass. [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {AMS},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-20623},
      pages        = {1340-1348},
      year         = {2012},
      note         = {This work was partially supported by the National Science
                      Foundation (NSF) under Grant ATM-0444244 and
                      Forschungszentrum Julich, and partially supported by NOAA
                      Grant NA10NES4400004, which was awarded to City College of
                      New York, and NASA MAP Grant NNX09AJ46G, which was awarded
                      to the University of Michigan. We thank Gert Konig-Langlo
                      from the Alfred Wegener Institute for supplying R/V
                      Polarstern data. The lead author wishes to thank Dr.
                      Xianglei Huang of the University of Michigan for his helpful
                      discussion.},
      abstract     = {Multiple years of measurements of tropical
                      upper-tropospheric temperature and humidity by the
                      Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service
                      Aircraft (MOZAIC) project are analyzed in the vicinity of
                      deep convective outflow to study the variations of
                      temperature and humidity and to investigate the influence of
                      the sea surface temperature (SST) on the outflow air
                      properties. The principal findings are the following. 1) The
                      distribution of relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi)
                      depends on where a convective system is sampled by the
                      MOZAIC aircraft: deep inside the system, RHi is unimodal
                      with the mode at similar to $114\%;$ near the outskirts of
                      the system, bimodal distribution of RHi starts to emerge
                      with a dry mode at around $40\%$ and a moist mode at
                      $100\%.$ The results are compared with previous studies
                      using in situ measurements and model simulations. It is
                      suggested that the difference in the RHi distribution can be
                      explained by the variation of vertical motions associated
                      with a convective system. 2) Analysis of MOZAIC data shows
                      that a fractional increase of specific humidity with SST,
                      q(-1) dq/dSTT, near the convective outflow is about
                      0.16-0.18 K-1. These values agree well with previous studies
                      using satellite data. Because MOZAIC measurements of
                      temperature and humidity are independent, the authors
                      further analyze the SST dependence of RHi and temperature
                      individually. Temperature increases with SST for both
                      prevalent flight levels (238 and 262 hPa); RHi stays close
                      to constant with respect to SST for 238 hPa but shows an
                      increasing trend for the 262-hPa level. Analysis conducted
                      in this study represents a unique observational basis
                      against which model simulations of upper-tropospheric
                      humidity and its connection to deep convection and SST can
                      be evaluated.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000300418500018},
      doi          = {10.1175/2011JCLI4124.1},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/20623},
}