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000020783 084__ $$2WoS$$aPlant Sciences
000020783 1001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)144879$$aPostma, Johannes Auke$$b0$$uFZJ
000020783 245__ $$aComplementarity in Root Architecture for Nutrient Uptake in Ancient Maize/Bean and Maize/Bean/Squash Polycultures
000020783 260__ $$aOxford$$bOxford University Press$$c2012
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000020783 520__ $$aDuring their domestication, maize, bean and squash evolved in polycultures grown by small-scale farmers in the Americas. Polycultures often overyield on low-fertility soils, which are a primary production constraint in low-input agriculture. We hypothesized that root architectural differences among these crops causes niche complementarity and thereby greater nutrient acquisition than corresponding monocultures.A functional-structural plant model, SimRoot, was used to simulate the first 40 d of growth of these crops in monoculture and polyculture and to determine the effects of root competition on nutrient uptake and biomass production of each plant on low-nitrogen, -phosphorus and -potassium soils.Squash, the earliest domesticated crop, was most sensitive to low soil fertility, while bean, the most recently domesticated crop, was least sensitive to low soil fertility. Nitrate uptake and biomass production were up to 7 % greater in the polycultures than in the monocultures, but only when root architecture was taken into account. Enhanced nitrogen capture in polycultures was independent of nitrogen fixation by bean. Root competition had negligible effects on phosphorus or potassium uptake or biomass production.We conclude that spatial niche differentiation caused by differences in root architecture allows polycultures to overyield when plants are competing for mobile soil resources. However, direct competition for immobile resources might be negligible in agricultural systems. Interspecies root spacing may also be too large to allow maize to benefit from root exudates of bean or squash. Above-ground competition for light, however, may have strong feedbacks on root foraging for immobile nutrients, which may increase cereal growth more than it will decrease the growth of the other crops. We note that the order of domestication of crops correlates with increasing nutrient efficiency, rather than production potential.
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000020783 65320 $$2Author$$aoThree sisters'
000020783 65320 $$2Author$$apolyculture
000020783 65320 $$2Author$$aroot architecture
000020783 65320 $$2Author$$aSimRoot
000020783 65320 $$2Author$$afunctionalstructural model
000020783 65320 $$2Author$$anutrient deficiency
000020783 65320 $$2Author$$amaize
000020783 65320 $$2Author$$abean
000020783 65320 $$2Author$$asquash
000020783 65320 $$2Author$$aniche complementarity
000020783 65320 $$2Author$$aroot competition
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000020783 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLynch, J.P.$$b1
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000020783 8567_ $$2Pubmed Central$$uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394648
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