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@ARTICLE{Fry:21135,
      author       = {Fry, M.M. and Naik, V. and West, J.J. and Schwarzkopf, M.D.
                      and Fiore, A.M. and Collins, W.J. and Dentener, F.J. and
                      Shindell, D.T. and Atherton, C. and Bergmann, D. and Duncan,
                      B.N. and Hess, P. and MacKenzie, I.A. and Marmer, E. and
                      Schultz, M.G. and Szopa, S. and Wild, O. and Zeng, G.},
      title        = {{T}he influence of ozone precursor emissions from four
                      world regions on tropospheric composition and radiative
                      climate forcing},
      journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
      volume       = {117},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-21135},
      pages        = {1 - 16},
      year         = {2012},
      note         = {The research described in this paper has been funded wholly
                      or in part by the United States Environmental Protection
                      Agency (EPA) under the Science to Achieve Results (STAR)
                      Graduate Fellowship Program (to M. M. Fry), by the EPA
                      Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, and by a UNC
                      Junior Faculty Development award (to J.J. West). EPA has not
                      officially endorsed this publication, and the views
                      expressed herein may not reflect the views of the EPA. W.J.
                      Collins was supported by the Joint DECC/Defra Met Office
                      Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101) and Defra contract
                      AQ0902. We thank those involved in the CTM simulations
                      performed under the UN ECE Task Force on Hemispheric
                      Transport of Air Pollution. The NOAA Geophysical Fluid
                      Dynamics Laboratory provided the necessary computational
                      resources.},
      abstract     = {Ozone (O-3) precursor emissions influence regional and
                      global climate and air quality through changes in
                      tropospheric O-3 and oxidants, which also influence methane
                      (CH4) and sulfate aerosols (SO42-). We examine changes in
                      the tropospheric composition of O-3, CH4, SO42- and global
                      net radiative forcing (RF) for $20\%$ reductions in global
                      CH4 burden and in anthropogenic O-3 precursor emissions
                      (NOx, NMVOC, and CO) from four regions (East Asia, Europe
                      and Northern Africa, North America, and South Asia) using
                      the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution
                      Source-Receptor global chemical transport model (CTM)
                      simulations, assessing uncertainty (mean +/- 1 standard
                      deviation) across multiple CTMs. We evaluate steady state
                      O-3 responses, including long-term feedbacks via CH4. With a
                      radiative transfer model that includes greenhouse gases and
                      the aerosol direct effect, we find that regional NOx
                      reductions produce global, annually averaged positive net
                      RFs (0.2 +/- 0.6 to 1.7 +/- 2 mWm(-2)/TgN yr(-1)), with some
                      variation among models. Negative net RFs result from
                      reductions in global CH4 (-162.6 +/- 2 mWm(-2) for a change
                      from 1760 to 1408 ppbv CH4) and regional NMVOC (-0.4 +/- 0.2
                      to -0.7 +/- 0.2 mWm(-2)/Tg C yr(-1)) and CO emissions (-0.13
                      +/- 0.02 to -0.15 +/- 0.02 mWm(-2)/Tg CO yr(-1)). Including
                      the effect of O-3 on CO2 uptake by vegetation likely makes
                      these net RFs more negative by -1.9 to -5.2 mWm(-2)/Tg N
                      yr(-1), -0.2 to -0.7 mWm(-2)/Tg C yr(-1), and -0.02 to -0.05
                      mWm(-2)/Tg CO yr(-1). Net RF impacts reflect the
                      distribution of concentration changes, where RF is affected
                      locally by changes in SO42-, regionally to hemispherically
                      by O-3, and globally by CH4. Global annual average SO42-
                      responses to oxidant changes range from 0.4 +/- 2.6 to -1.9
                      +/- 1.3 Gg for NOx reductions, 0.1 +/- 1.2 to -0.9 +/- 0.8
                      Gg for NMVOC reductions, and -0.09 +/- 0.5 to -0.9 +/- 0.8
                      Gg for CO reductions, suggesting additional research is
                      needed. The 100-year global warming potentials (GWP(100))
                      are calculated for the global CH4 reduction (20.9 +/- 3.7
                      without stratospheric O-3 or water vapor, 24.2 +/- 4.2
                      including those components), and for the regional NOx,
                      NMVOC, and CO reductions (-18.7 +/- 25.9 to -1.9 +/- 8.7 for
                      NOx, 4.8 +/- 1.7 to 8.3 +/- 1.9 for NMVOC, and 1.5 +/- 0.4
                      to 1.7 +/- 0.5 for CO). Variation in GWP(100) for NOx,
                      NMVOC, and CO suggests that regionally specific GWPs may be
                      necessary and could support the inclusion},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000302876800002},
      doi          = {10.1029/2011JD017134},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/21135},
}