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@ARTICLE{Klionsky:22319,
      author       = {Klionsky, D.J. and Willbold, D. and (et al.)},
      title        = {{G}uidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for
                      monitoring autophagy},
      journal      = {Autophagy},
      volume       = {8},
      issn         = {1554-8627},
      address      = {Austin, Tex.},
      publisher    = {Landes Bioscience},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-22319},
      pages        = {445 - 544},
      year         = {2012},
      note         = {In a rapidly expanding and highly dynamic field such as
                      autophagy, it is possible that some authors who should have
                      been included on this manuscript have been missed. D.J.K.
                      extends his apologies to researchers in the field of
                      autophagy who, due to oversight or any other reason, could
                      not be included. This work was supported by National
                      Institutes of Health Public Health Service grant GM53396 to
                      D.J.K. Due to space and other limitations, it is not
                      possible to include all other sources of financial support.},
      abstract     = {In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for
                      standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on
                      this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new
                      scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and
                      relevant new technologies have also been expanding.
                      Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for
                      monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews
                      have described the range of assays that have been used for
                      this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion
                      regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy,
                      especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that
                      needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between
                      measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of
                      autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes)
                      at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that
                      measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the
                      complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that
                      results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be
                      differentiated from stimuli that result in increased
                      autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy
                      induction coupled with increased delivery to, and
                      degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and
                      some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in
                      plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially
                      important that investigators new to the field understand
                      that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not
                      necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many
                      cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in
                      trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in
                      autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in
                      autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative
                      activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the
                      selection and interpretation of methods for use by
                      investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related
                      processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide
                      realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are
                      focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant
                      to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate
                      assays depend in part on the question being asked and the
                      system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no
                      individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate
                      one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of
                      multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines,
                      we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and
                      what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them.
                      Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular
                      autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation
                      in the field.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICS-6},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICS-6-20110106},
      pnm          = {Funktion und Dysfunktion des Nervensystems / BioSoft:
                      Makromolekulare Systeme und biologische
                      Informationsverarbeitung},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK409 / G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK505},
      shelfmark    = {Cell Biology},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000305403400002},
      pubmed       = {pmid:22966490},
      doi          = {10.4161/auto.19496},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/22319},
}