TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bauser, G.
AU  - Hendricks-Franssen, H.J.
AU  - Stauffer, F.
AU  - Kaiser, H.P.
AU  - Kuhlmann, U.
AU  - Kinzelbach, W.
TI  - A comparison study of two different control criteria for the real-time management of urban groundwater works
JO  - Journal of environmental management
VL  - 105
SN  - 0301-4797
CY  - Amsterdam [u.a.]
PB  - Elsevier
M1  - PreJuSER-22328
SP  - 21 - 29
PY  - 2012
N1  - The study was performed within the project "Real-time control of a well-field using a groundwater model", a cooperation between ETH Zurich, Zurich Water Supply and TK Consult Zurich. This project was funded by the Swiss Innovation Promotion Agency CTI under Contract No. 7608.2 EPRP-IW. The author gratefully acknowledges the doctoral scholarship granted by the German National Academic Foundation.
AB  - We present the comparison of two control criteria for the real-time management of a water well field. The criteria were used to simulate the operation of the Hardhof well field in the city of Zurich, Switzerland. This well field is threatened by diffuse pollution in the subsurface of the surrounding city area. The risk of attracting pollutants is higher if the pumping rates in four horizontal wells are increased, and can be reduced by increasing artificial recharge in several recharge basins and infiltration wells or by modifying the artificial recharge distribution. A three-dimensional finite elements flow model was built for the Hardhof site. The first control criterion used hydraulic head differences (Δh-criterion) to control the management of the well field and the second criterion used a path line method (%s-criterion) to control the percentage of inflowing water from the city area. Both control methods adapt the allocation of artificial recharge (AR) for given pumping rates in time. The simulation results show that (1) historical management decisions were less effective compared to the optimal control according to the two different criteria and (2) the distribution of artificial recharge calculated with the two control criteria also differ from each other with the %s-criterion giving better results compared to the Δh-criterion. The recharge management with the %s-criterion requires a smaller amount of water to be recharged. The ratio between average artificial recharge and average abstraction is 1.7 for the Δh-criterion and 1.5 for the %s-criterion. Both criteria were tested online. The methodologies were extended to a real-time control method using the Ensemble Kalman Filter method for assimilating 87 online available groundwater head measurements to update the model in real-time. The results of the operational implementation are also satisfying in regard of a reduced risk of well contamination.
KW  - Cities
KW  - Fuzzy Logic
KW  - Groundwater: chemistry
KW  - Rivers
KW  - Switzerland
KW  - Water Pollutants, Chemical: chemistry
KW  - Water Pollution: analysis
KW  - Water Supply: analysis
KW  - Water Pollutants, Chemical (NLM Chemicals)
KW  - J (WoSType)
LB  - PUB:(DE-HGF)16
C6  - pmid:22516870
UR  - <Go to ISI:>//WOS:000305204900003
DO  - DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.12.024
UR  - https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/22328
ER  -