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@ARTICLE{Bauser:22328,
      author       = {Bauser, G. and Hendricks-Franssen, H.J. and Stauffer, F.
                      and Kaiser, H.P. and Kuhlmann, U. and Kinzelbach, W.},
      title        = {{A} comparison study of two different control criteria for
                      the real-time management of urban groundwater works},
      journal      = {Journal of environmental management},
      volume       = {105},
      issn         = {0301-4797},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-22328},
      pages        = {21 - 29},
      year         = {2012},
      note         = {The study was performed within the project "Real-time
                      control of a well-field using a groundwater model", a
                      cooperation between ETH Zurich, Zurich Water Supply and TK
                      Consult Zurich. This project was funded by the Swiss
                      Innovation Promotion Agency CTI under Contract No. 7608.2
                      EPRP-IW. The author gratefully acknowledges the doctoral
                      scholarship granted by the German National Academic
                      Foundation.},
      abstract     = {We present the comparison of two control criteria for the
                      real-time management of a water well field. The criteria
                      were used to simulate the operation of the Hardhof well
                      field in the city of Zurich, Switzerland. This well field is
                      threatened by diffuse pollution in the subsurface of the
                      surrounding city area. The risk of attracting pollutants is
                      higher if the pumping rates in four horizontal wells are
                      increased, and can be reduced by increasing artificial
                      recharge in several recharge basins and infiltration wells
                      or by modifying the artificial recharge distribution. A
                      three-dimensional finite elements flow model was built for
                      the Hardhof site. The first control criterion used hydraulic
                      head differences (Δh-criterion) to control the management
                      of the well field and the second criterion used a path line
                      method $(\%s-criterion)$ to control the percentage of
                      inflowing water from the city area. Both control methods
                      adapt the allocation of artificial recharge (AR) for given
                      pumping rates in time. The simulation results show that (1)
                      historical management decisions were less effective compared
                      to the optimal control according to the two different
                      criteria and (2) the distribution of artificial recharge
                      calculated with the two control criteria also differ from
                      each other with the $\%s-criterion$ giving better results
                      compared to the Δh-criterion. The recharge management with
                      the $\%s-criterion$ requires a smaller amount of water to be
                      recharged. The ratio between average artificial recharge and
                      average abstraction is 1.7 for the Δh-criterion and 1.5 for
                      the $\%s-criterion.$ Both criteria were tested online. The
                      methodologies were extended to a real-time control method
                      using the Ensemble Kalman Filter method for assimilating 87
                      online available groundwater head measurements to update the
                      model in real-time. The results of the operational
                      implementation are also satisfying in regard of a reduced
                      risk of well contamination.},
      keywords     = {Cities / Fuzzy Logic / Groundwater: chemistry / Rivers /
                      Switzerland / Water Pollutants, Chemical: chemistry / Water
                      Pollution: analysis / Water Supply: analysis / Water
                      Pollutants, Chemical (NLM Chemicals) / J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Environmental Sciences / Environmental Studies},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:22516870},
      UT           = {WOS:000305204900003},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.12.024},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/22328},
}