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@ARTICLE{DeLeon:22462,
      author       = {De Leon, R.R. and Krämer, M. and Lee, D.S. and Thelen,
                      J.C.},
      title        = {{S}ensitivity of radiative properties of persistent
                      contrails to the ice water path},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {12},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-22462},
      pages        = {7893 - 7901},
      year         = {2012},
      note         = {This work was supported by the United Kingdom Department
                      for Transport. The authors wish to thank a number of people
                      for providing us with the data used in this study. Christine
                      Fromming for providing the contrail cover distribution data
                      calculated during the TRADEOFF project. (TRADEOFF was a
                      project in the European Fifth Framework Programme,
                      http://www.iac.ethz.ch/tradeoff/); Prof. Piers Forster for
                      the climatology of the monthly atmospheric composition,
                      cloud cover and surface albedo, and Dr. Anthony Baran for
                      the hexagonal prisms database. We thank our colleague, Dr
                      Michael Bennett for valuable discussions and his help to
                      improve the readability of the manuscript. We also thank two
                      anonymous referees and the editor for their helpful comments
                      and suggestions.},
      abstract     = {The dependence of the radiative properties of persistent
                      linear contrails on the variability of their ice water path
                      is assessed in a two-stream radiative transfer model. It is
                      assumed that the ice water content and the effective size of
                      ice crystals in aged contrails do not differ from those
                      observed in natural cirrus; the parameterization of these
                      two variables, based on a correlation with ambient
                      temperature derived from in situ observations, allows a more
                      realistic representation than the common assumption of fixed
                      values for the contrail optical depth and ice crystal
                      effective radius.The results show that the large variability
                      in ice water content that aged contrails may share with
                      natural cirrus, together with an assumed contrail vertical
                      thickness between 220 and 1000 m, translate into a wider
                      range of radiative forcings from linear contrails [1 to 66 m
                      Wm(-2)] than that reported in previous studies, including
                      IPCC's [3 to 30 m Wm(-2)]. Further field and modelling
                      studies of the temporal evolution of contrail properties
                      will thus be needed to reduce the uncertainties associated
                      with the values assumed in large scale contrail studies.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000308753800002},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-12-7893-2012},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/22462},
}