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@ARTICLE{Spang:23765,
      author       = {Spang, R. and Eidmann, G. and Riese, M. and Offermann, D.
                      and Pfister, L. and Wang, P. H.},
      title        = {{CRISTA} observations of cirrus clouds around the
                      tropopause},
      journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
      volume       = {107},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-23765},
      pages        = {D23},
      year         = {2002},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {[1] The Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for
                      the Atmosphere (CRISTA) instrument observed thin cirrus
                      clouds at and above the tropopause during its two missions
                      in November 1994 and August 1997. A simple cloud detection
                      scheme was developed for extinctions greater than 2 x 10(-3)
                      km(-1) through analysis of the measured infrared spectra in
                      the 12-mum range. Horizontal and vertical distributions of
                      cloud occurrence frequencies are in good agreement with the
                      Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II subvisual
                      cirrus cloud (SVC) climatology as well as SAGE measurements
                      for the 1997 period. Seasonal variations, strong
                      longitudinal variability, and indications of enhanced cloud
                      occurrence frequencies in separated regions caused by El
                      Nino events were detected in the CRISTA data set. A
                      substantial day-to-day variability could be found throughout
                      the tropics, and several regions with enhanced variability
                      have been identified. In addition, a significant amount of
                      cloud was found above the midlatitude tropopause. Backward
                      trajectories in relation to outgoing longwave radiation
                      (OLR) measurements and cloud observation in the troposphere
                      by meteorological satellites suggest that about three
                      fourths of the high clouds (> 15 km) observed by CRISTA in
                      the tropics stem from deep convection systems and the
                      outflow of these systems. This would imply that on the order
                      of at least one fourth of the observed cloud events are
                      originated by other mechanisms, such as in situ formation
                      due to cooling events on synoptic and/or gravity wave
                      scales. For the convective generated cirrus clouds, a
                      maximum lifetime of around 3-4 days was estimated over a
                      wide range of latitudes. Such a long lifetime could be
                      important for modeling the impact of cirrus clouds on
                      radiation budget (climate) and heterogeneous chemical
                      processes around the tropopause.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-I},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB47},
      pnm          = {Chemie und Dynamik der Geo-Biosphäre},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK257},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000180490000001},
      doi          = {10.1029/2001JD000698},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/23765},
}