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@PHDTHESIS{Ehlers:24991,
      author       = {Ehlers, Rolf Jörg and Quadakkers, Willem J.},
      title        = {{O}xidation von ferritischen 9 - 12 $\%$ {C}r-{S}tählen in
                      wasserdampfhaltigen {A}tmosphären bei 550 bis 650 {G}rad
                      {C}elsius},
      volume       = {3883},
      issn         = {0944-2952},
      school       = {Techn. Hochsch. Aachen},
      type         = {Dr. (FH)},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-24991, Juel-3883},
      series       = {Berichte des Forschungszentrums Jülich},
      pages        = {III, 199 p.},
      year         = {2001},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012; Aachen, Techn.
                      Hochsch., Diss., 2001},
      abstract     = {Economical and ecological considerations with respect to
                      the need for reduction of CO$_{2}$ emission and fuel
                      consumption in conventional steam power plants are leading
                      to the requirement for the utilities to increase the thermal
                      efficiency of power generation plant. An increase in steam
                      temperature from former 535 to 650°C and in steam pressure
                      from 185 to 300 bar would enable a reduction in fuel
                      consumption and a reduction of CO$_{2}$ emission of more
                      than 25\%. A number of high strength 9-12\% Cr steels have
                      been developed for applications as construction materials in
                      such advanced power plants. Besides mechanical properties,
                      the oxidation resistance of these new steels is becoming an
                      increasingly important material selection criterion. Whereas
                      exposure tests in oxygen and in air show that the steels
                      possess excellent oxidation resistance, it is well known
                      that the presence of water vapour in the test atmosphere
                      significantly enhances the oxidation rates of these steels.
                      In the present work, the oxidation behaviour of several of
                      the new 9-12 wt.\% Cr steels in environments containing
                      water vapour, mainly Ar-50 vol.\% H$_{2}$O has been studied
                      especially at temperatures between 550 and 650°C. The
                      oxidation behaviour is compared to that of common alloys
                      such as 1CrMoV, 12Cr1MoV and the austenitic steel 316LN.
                      Besides this, a number of model alloys were investigated to
                      study the influence of alloying elements on the oxidation
                      behaviour. A variety of analytical methods have been used,
                      such as optical microscopy, electron microscopy (SEM incl.
                      EDX and WDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray
                      diffraction (XRD), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS)
                      and various specially designed experimental techniques, e.
                      g. in-situ gas change between wet and dry gas, as well as
                      oxygen-18 isotope tracer experiments. The results of the
                      oxidation tests clearly indicate that the oxygen coming from
                      the water vapour is incorporated in the oxide scale in a
                      different way as the oxygen originating from the O$_{2}$
                      molecule. A typical feature of 9-12\% Cr-steels is the
                      bell-shaped temperature dependence of the oxidation rates in
                      water vapour, i. e. at 550 and especially at 800°C the
                      oxidation rates are much lower than at 600 to 650°C. For
                      the enhanced oxidation rates of the 9-12 chromium steels in
                      environments containing water vapour a mechanism is proposed
                      which involves the evaporation of volatile iron hydroxide.
                      Tests with simple model steels have shown that additions of
                      cobalt may provide significant improvement in the steam
                      oxidation behaviour of the studied steels.},
      cin          = {IWV-2},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB2},
      pnm          = {Werkstoff- und Bauteilentwicklung für fortschrittliche
                      Kraftwerke},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK24},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11 / PUB:(DE-HGF)3},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/24991},
}