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@ARTICLE{Schindler:255689,
      author       = {Schindler, T. and Schmiele, M. and Schmutzler, T. and
                      Kassar, T. and Segets, D. and Peukert, W. and Radulescu, A.
                      and Kriele, A. and Gilles, R. and Unruh, T.},
      title        = {{A} {C}ombined {SAXS}/{SANS} {S}tudy for the in {S}itu
                      {C}haracterization of {L}igand {S}hells on {S}mall
                      {N}anoparticles: {T}he {C}ase of {Z}n{O}},
      journal      = {Langmuir},
      volume       = {31},
      number       = {37},
      issn         = {1520-5827},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {ACS Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-05822},
      pages        = {10130 - 10136},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) have great potential for their use
                      in, e.g., thin film solar cells due to their electro-optical
                      properties adjustable on the nanoscale. Therefore, the
                      production of well-defined NPs is of major interest. For a
                      targeted production process, the knowledge of the
                      stabilization layer of the NPs during and after their
                      formation is of particular importance. For the study of the
                      stabilizer layer of ZnO NPs prepared in a wet chemical
                      synthesis from zinc acetate, only ex situ studies have been
                      performed so far. An acetate layer bound to the surface of
                      the dried NPs was found; however, an in situ study which
                      addresses the stabilizing layer surrounding the NPs in a
                      native dispersion was missing. By the combination of small
                      angle scattering with neutrons and X-rays (SANS and SAXS)
                      for the same sample, we are now able to observe the acetate
                      shell in situ for the first time. In addition, the changes
                      of this shell could be followed during the ripening process
                      for different temperatures. With increasing size of the ZnO
                      core (dcore) the surrounding shell (dshell) becomes larger,
                      and the acetate concentration within the shell is reduced.
                      For all samples, the shell thickness was found to be larger
                      than the maximum extension of an acetate molecule with
                      acetate concentrations within the shell below 50 vol $\%.$
                      Thus, there is not a monolayer of acetate molecules that
                      covers the NPs but rather a swollen shell of acetate ions.
                      This shell is assumed to hinder the growth of the NPs to
                      larger macrostructures. In addition, we found that the
                      partition coefficient μ between acetate in the shell
                      surrounding the NPs and the total amount of acetate in the
                      solution is about $10\%$ which is in good agreement with ex
                      situ data determined by thermogravimetric analysis.},
      cin          = {JCNS (München) ; Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS
                      (München) ; JCNS-FRM-II / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1},
      ddc          = {670},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre for
                      Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS2-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000361935500004},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02198},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/255689},
}