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@INPROCEEDINGS{Middendorp:255774,
      author       = {Middendorp, Ronald and Dürr, Martin and Bosbach, Dirk},
      title        = {{P}roduction and {C}haracterization of {U}ranium {O}xide
                      {M}icroparticle {R}eference {M}aterials for {N}uclear
                      {S}afeguards {A}pplications},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-05888},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {In order to verify non-nuclear weapon states to comply with
                      the non-proliferation treaty, international authorities such
                      as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) conducts
                      inspections at facilities handling fissile or fertile
                      nuclear materials, such as uranium. During these
                      inspections, environmental swipe samples are taken and sent
                      to the IAEA’s network of analytical laboratories (NWAL)
                      for analysis. Analysis of microparticles collected on these
                      swipes by mass spectrometric methods such as secondary ion
                      mass spectrometry (SIMS) and thermal ionization mass
                      spectrometry (TIMS) provides a means to detect clandestine
                      undeclared activities.There are, however, no relevant
                      (certified) reference materials available that can be used
                      as calibration or quality control standards. Therefore, a
                      system has been constructed at Forschungszentrum Jülich for
                      the production of mono-disperse uranium microparticles with
                      accurately characterized isotopic compositions and elemental
                      contents. First microparticle samples have been prepared
                      successfully and are currently being investigated.First
                      microparticles have been prepared successfully and have been
                      characterized by various methods, including FIB milling to
                      characterize the inner particle structure. Particles have
                      been prepared using various precursor solutions, such as
                      uranyl nitrate and uranyl acetate, to investigate the effect
                      of the precursor solution on the final particle morphology
                      and chemical form.ISO Guide 34 states that for the
                      certification of materials as (certified) reference
                      materials, quantification of the inhomogeneity and stability
                      of property values is of high importance. Since some
                      between-bottle inhomogeneity is likely to occur during
                      production, homogenization of the particles in a suspension
                      is considered before characterization. However, during such
                      a step, isotope exchange between uranium of the
                      microparticles and natural uranium in the liquid might
                      significantly alter the isotopic composition of the
                      microparticles. Therefore, experiments are performed to
                      determine the rate of exchange between both uranium trioxide
                      and triuranium octoxide and uranyl ions in an aqueous
                      solution.},
      month         = {Aug},
      date          = {2015-08-31},
      organization  = {GDCh Wissenschaftsforum 2015, Dresden
                       (Germany), 31 Aug 2015 - 2 Sep 2015},
      subtyp        = {Other},
      cin          = {IEK-6},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-6-20101013},
      pnm          = {161 - Nuclear Waste Management (POF3-161) / IAEA GER SP C
                      04/2012 - Measurement Methods and Techniques
                      $(IAEA-201204_C)$ / HITEC - Helmholtz Interdisciplinary
                      Doctoral Training in Energy and Climate Research (HITEC)
                      (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-161 / $G:(DE-Juel1)IAEA-201204_C$ /
                      G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)24},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/255774},
}