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@ARTICLE{Fang:256508,
      author       = {Fang, Zhufeng and Bogena, Heye and Kollet, Stefan and Koch,
                      Julian and Vereecken, Harry},
      title        = {{S}patio-temporal {V}alidation of {L}ong-term 3{D}
                      {H}ydrological {S}imulations of a {F}orested {C}atchment
                      {U}sing {O}rthogonal {F}unctions and {W}avelet {C}oherence
                      {A}nalysis},
      journal      = {Journal of hydrology},
      volume       = {529},
      issn         = {0022-1694},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-06397},
      pages        = {1754-1767},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {Soil moisture plays a key role in the water and energy
                      balance in soil, vegetation and atmosphere systems.
                      According to Wood et al. (2011) there is a grand need to
                      increase global-scale hyper-resolution
                      water–energy–biogeochemistry land surface modelling
                      capabilities. These modelling capabilities should also
                      recognize epistemic uncertainties, as well as the
                      nonlinearity and hysteresis in its dynamics. Unfortunately,
                      it is not clear how to parameterize hydrological processes
                      as a function of scale, and how to test deterministic models
                      with regard to epistemic uncertainties. In this study, high
                      resolution long-term simulations were conducted in the
                      highly instrumented TERENO hydrological observatory of the
                      Wüstebach catchment. Soil hydraulic parameters were derived
                      using inverse modelling with the Hydrus-1D model using the
                      global optimization scheme SCE-UA and soil moisture data
                      from a wireless soil moisture sensor network. The estimated
                      parameters were then used for 3D simulations of water
                      transport using the integrated parallel simulation platform
                      ParFlow-CLM. The simulated soil moisture dynamics, as well
                      as evapotranspiration (ET) and runoff, were compared with
                      long-term field observations to illustrate how well the
                      model was able to reproduce the water budget dynamics. We
                      investigated different anisotropies of hydraulic
                      conductivity to analyze how fast lateral flow processes
                      above the underlying bedrock affect the simulation results.
                      For a detail investigation of the model results we applied
                      the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and wavelet
                      coherence methods. The EOF analysis of temporal–spatial
                      patterns of simulated and observed soil moisture revealed
                      that introduction of heterogeneity in the soil porosity
                      effectively improves estimates of soil moisture patterns.
                      Our wavelet coherence analysis indicates that wet and dry
                      seasons have significant effect on temporal correlation
                      between observed and simulated soil moisture and ET. Our
                      study demonstrates the usefulness of the EOF and wavelet
                      coherence methods for a more in-depth validation of
                      spatially highly resolved hydrological 3D models.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {690},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000364249500085},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.011},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/256508},
}