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@ARTICLE{Krmer:276004,
      author       = {Krämer, M. and Rolf, C. and Luebke, A. and Afchine, A. and
                      Spelten, N. and Costa, A. and Zöger, M. and Smith, J. and
                      Herman, R. and Buchholz, B. and Ebert, V. and Baumgardner,
                      D. and Borrmann, S. and Klingebiel, M. and Avallone, L.},
      title        = {{A} microphysics guide to cirrus clouds – {P}art 1:
                      {C}irrus types},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics / Discussions},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {21},
      issn         = {1680-7375},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-06502},
      pages        = {31537 - 31586},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {The microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds
                      continue to be beyond understanding and thus still represent
                      one of the largest uncertainties in the prediction of the
                      Earth's climate (IPCC, 2013). Our study aims to provide a
                      guide to cirrus microphysics, which is compiled from an
                      extensive set of model simulations, covering the broad range
                      of atmospheric conditions for cirrus formation and
                      evolution. The model results are portrayed in the same
                      parameter space as field measurements, i.e. in the Ice Water
                      Content-Temperature (IWC-T) parameter space. We validate
                      this cirrus analysis approach by evaluating cirrus data sets
                      from seventeen aircraft campaigns, conducted in the last
                      fifteen years, spending about 94 h in cirrus over Europe,
                      Australia, Brazil as well as Southern and Northern America.
                      Altogether, the approach of this study is to track cirrus
                      IWC development with temperature by means of model
                      simulations, compare with observations and then assign, to a
                      certain degree, cirrus microphysics to the observations.
                      Indeed, the field observations show characteristics expected
                      from the simulated cirrus guide. For example, high/low IWCs
                      are found together with high/low ice crystal concentrations
                      Nice.An important finding from our study is the
                      classification of two types of cirrus with differing
                      formation mechanisms and microphysical properties: the first
                      cirrus type is rather thin with lower IWCs and forms
                      directly as ice (in-situ origin cirrus). The second type
                      consists predominantly of thick cirrus originating from
                      mixed phase clouds (i.e. via freezing of liquid droplets –
                      liquid origin cirrus), which are completely glaciated while
                      lifting to the cirrus formation temperature region (< 235
                      K). In the European field campaigns, in-situ origin cirrus
                      occur frequently at slow updrafts in low and high pressure
                      systems, but also in conjunction with faster updrafts. Also,
                      liquid origin cirrus mostly related to warm conveyor belts
                      are found. In the US and tropical campaigns, thick liquid
                      origin cirrus which are formed in large convective systems
                      are detected more frequently.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244) / HITEC - Helmholtz
                      Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and Climate
                      Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.5194/acpd-15-31537-2015},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/276004},
}