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@ARTICLE{Beswick:276188,
      author       = {Beswick, Karl and Baumgardner, Darrel and Gallagher, Martin
                      and Raga, Graciela B. and Minnis, Patrick and Spangenberg,
                      Douglas A. and Volz-Thomas, Andreas and Nedelec, Philippe
                      and Wang, Kuo-Ying},
      title        = {{P}roperties of small cirrus ice crystals from commercial
                      aircraft measurements and implications for flight
                      operations},
      journal      = {Tellus / B},
      volume       = {67},
      number       = {0},
      issn         = {1600-0889},
      address      = {Stockholm},
      publisher    = {Inst.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-06653},
      pages        = {27876, 1-22},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {Measurements of cloud ice crystal size distributions have
                      been made by a backscatter cloud probe (BCP) mounted on five
                      commercial airliners flying international routes that cross
                      five continents. Bulk cloud parameters were also derived
                      from the size distributions. As of 31 December 2014, a total
                      of 4399 flights had accumulated data from 665 hours in more
                      than 19 000 cirrus clouds larger than 5 km in length. The
                      BCP measures the equivalent optical diameter (EOD) of
                      individual crystals in the 5–90 µm range from which size
                      distributions are derived and recorded every 4 seconds. The
                      cirrus cloud property database, an ongoing development
                      stemming from these measurements, registers the total
                      crystal number and mass concentration, effective and median
                      volume diameters and extinction coefficients derived from
                      the size distribution. This information is accompanied by
                      the environmental temperature, pressure, aircraft position,
                      date and time of each sample. The seasonal variations of the
                      cirrus cloud properties measured from 2012 to 2014 are
                      determined for six geographic regions in the tropics and
                      extratropics. Number concentrations range from a few per
                      litre for thin cirrus to several hundreds of thousands for
                      heavy cirrus. Temperatures range from 205 to 250 K and
                      effective radii from 12 to 20 µm. A comparison of the
                      regional and seasonal number and mass size distributions,
                      and the bulk microphysical properties derived from them,
                      demonstrates that cirrus properties cannot be easily
                      parameterised by temperature or by latitude. The seasonal
                      changes in the size distributions from the extratropical
                      Atlantic and Eurasian air routes are distinctly different,
                      showing shifts from mono-modal to bi-modal spectra out of
                      phase with one another. This phase difference may be linked
                      to the timing of deep convection and cold fronts that lead
                      to the cirrus formation. Likewise, the size spectra of
                      cirrus over the tropical Atlantic and Eastern Brazil differ
                      from each other although they were measured in adjoining
                      regions. The cirrus crystals in the maritime continental
                      tropical region over Malaysia form tri-modal spectra that
                      are not found in any of the other regions measured by the
                      IAGOS aircraft so far, a feature that is possibly linked to
                      biomass burning or dust. Frequent measurements of ice
                      crystal concentrations greater than 1×105 L−1, often
                      accompanied by anomalously warm temperature and erratic
                      airspeed readings, suggest that aircraft often experience
                      conditions that affect their sensors. This new instrument,
                      if used operationally, has the potential of providing
                      real-time and valuable information to assist in flight
                      operations as well as providing real-time information for
                      along-track nowcasting.},
      organization  = {MOZAIC-IAGOS 20th Anniversary
                       Symposium,},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {243 - Tropospheric trace substances and their
                      transformation processes (POF3-243) / IAGOS-D - In-Service
                      Aircraft for a Global Observing System – German
                      Contribution to the Main Phase of IAGOS
                      (BMBF-20180331-IAGOSD)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-243 / G:(DE-82)BMBF-20180331-IAGOSD},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000362822200001},
      doi          = {10.3402/tellusb.v67.27876},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/276188},
}