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@ARTICLE{Worringen:276329,
      author       = {Worringen, A. and Kandler, K. and Benker, N. and Dirsch, T.
                      and Mertes, S. and Schenk, L. and Kästner, U. and Frank, F.
                      and Nillius, B. and Bundke, Ulrich and Rose, D. and Curtius,
                      J. and Kupiszewski, P. and Weingartner, E. and Vochezer, P.
                      and Schneider, J. and Schmidt, S. and Weinbruch, S. and
                      Ebert, M.},
      title        = {{S}ingle-particle characterization of ice-nucleating
                      particles and ice particle residuals sampled by three
                      different techniques},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-06789},
      pages        = {4161 - 4178},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {In the present work, three different techniques to separate
                      ice-nucleating particles (INPs) as well as ice particle
                      residuals (IPRs) from non-ice-active particles are compared.
                      The Ice Selective Inlet (ISI) and the Ice Counterflow
                      Virtual Impactor (Ice-CVI) sample ice particles from
                      mixed-phase clouds and allow after evaporation in the
                      instrument for the analysis of the residuals. The Fast Ice
                      Nucleus Chamber (FINCH) coupled with the Ice Nuclei Pumped
                      Counterflow Virtual Impactor (IN-PCVI) provides
                      ice-activating conditions to aerosol particles and extracts
                      the activated particles for analysis. The instruments were
                      run during a joint field campaign which took place in
                      January and February 2013 at the High Alpine Research
                      Station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland). INPs and IPRs were
                      analyzed offline by scanning electron microscopy and
                      energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis to determine their
                      size, chemical composition and mixing state. Online analysis
                      of the size and chemical composition of INP activated in
                      FINCH was performed by laser ablation mass spectrometry.
                      With all three INP/IPR separation techniques high abundances
                      (median $20–70\%)$ of instrumental contamination artifacts
                      were observed (ISI: Si-O spheres, probably calibration
                      aerosol; Ice-CVI: Al-O particles; FINCH + IN-PCVI: steel
                      particles). After removal of the instrumental contamination
                      particles, silicates, Ca-rich particles, carbonaceous
                      material and metal oxides were the major INP/IPR particle
                      types obtained by all three techniques. In addition,
                      considerable amounts (median abundance mostly a few percent)
                      of soluble material (e.g., sea salt, sulfates) were
                      observed. As these soluble particles are often not expected
                      to act as INP/IPR, we consider them as potential measurement
                      artifacts. Minor types of INP/IPR include soot and
                      Pb-bearing particles. The Pb-bearing particles are mainly
                      present as an internal mixture with other particle types.
                      Most samples showed a maximum of the INP/IPR size
                      distribution at 200–400 nm in geometric diameter. In a few
                      cases, a second supermicron maximum was identified.
                      Soot/carbonaceous material and metal oxides were present
                      mainly in the sub-micrometer range. Silicates and Ca-rich
                      particles were mainly found with diameters above 1 μm
                      (using ISI and FINCH), in contrast to the Ice-CVI which also
                      sampled many submicron particles of both groups. Due to
                      changing meteorological conditions, the INP/IPR composition
                      was highly variable if different samples were compared.
                      Thus, the observed discrepancies between the different
                      separation techniques may partly result from the
                      non-parallel sampling. The differences of the particle group
                      relative number abundance as well as the mixing state of
                      INP/IPR clearly demonstrate the need of further studies to
                      better understand the influence of the separation techniques
                      on the INP/IPR chemical composition. Also, it must be
                      concluded that the abundance of contamination artifacts in
                      the separated INP and IPR is generally large and should be
                      corrected for, emphasizing the need for the accompanying
                      chemical measurements. Thus, further work is needed to allow
                      for routine operation of the three separation techniques
                      investigated.},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {243 - Tropospheric trace substances and their
                      transformation processes (POF3-243)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-243},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000353838000012},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-15-4161-2015},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/276329},
}