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@ARTICLE{Loewenhoff:276434,
      author       = {Loewenhoff, Thorsten and Bardin, S. and Greuner, H. and
                      Linke, Jochen and Maier, H. and Morgan, T. W. and Pintsuk,
                      Gerald and Pitts, R. A. and Riccardi, B. and DeTemmermann,
                      G.},
      title        = {{I}mpact of {C}ombined {T}ransient {P}lasma/{H}eat {L}oads
                      on {T}ungsten {P}erformance {B}elow and {A}bove
                      {R}ecrystallization {T}emperature},
      journal      = {Nuclear fusion},
      volume       = {55},
      number       = {12},
      issn         = {0029-5515},
      address      = {Vienna},
      publisher    = {IAEA},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-06873},
      pages        = {123004},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {The influence of recrystallization on thermal shock
                      resistance has been identified as an issue that may
                      influence the long term performance of ITER tungsten (W)
                      divertor components. To investigate this issue a unique
                      series of experiments has been performed on ITER divertor W
                      monoblock mock-ups in three EU high heat flux facilities:
                      GLADIS (neutral beam), JUDITH 2 (electron beam) and
                      Magnum-PSI (plasma beam). To simulate ITER mitigated edge
                      localised modes, heat fluxes between 0.11 and 0.6 GW m−2
                      were applied for Δt  <  1 ms. Two different base
                      temperatures, Tbase  =  1200 °C and 1500 °C, were
                      chosen on which ~18 000/100 000 transient events were
                      superimposed representing several full ITER burning plasma
                      discharges in terms of number of transients and particle
                      fluence. An increase in roughening for both e-beam and
                      plasma loaded surfaces was observed when loading during or
                      after recrystallization and when loading at higher
                      temperature. However, regarding the formation of cracks and
                      microstructural modifications the response was different for
                      e-beam and plasma loaded surfaces. The samples loaded in
                      Magnum-PSI did not crack nor show any sign of
                      recrystallization, even at Tbase  =  1500 °C. This
                      could be a dynamic hydrogen flux effect, because pre-loading
                      of samples with hydrogen neutrals (GLADIS) or without
                      hydrogen (e-beam JUDITH 2) did not yield this result. These
                      results show clearly that the loading method used when
                      investigating and qualifying the thermal shock performance
                      of materials for ITER and future fusion reactors can play an
                      important role. This should be properly accounted for and in
                      fact should be the subject of further $R\&D.$},
      cin          = {IEK-2 / IEK-4},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {174 - Plasma-Wall-Interaction (POF3-174)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-174},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000366534500006},
      doi          = {10.1088/0029-5515/55/12/123004},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/276434},
}