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@INPROCEEDINGS{Heigl:276644,
      author       = {Heigl, Raimund and Stellbrink, Jörg and Radulescu, Aurel
                      and Schweins, Ralf and Schrader, Tobias Erich and Richter,
                      Dieter},
      title        = {{C}hange of {F}ractal {D}imension during the early stages
                      of{L}ysozyme {C}rystallization},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-06972},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {In this study we focussed on the question of how to grow
                      crystals as large as possible in light of their use as
                      samples for neutron protein crystallography. We concentrated
                      on the early stages of the crystallization process where the
                      directions are set whether many small crystals grow or few
                      large ones. We used lysozyme as a model system since it has
                      been studied well in the past and the phase diagram of its
                      crystal growth is known. In order to study the crystal
                      growth process starting from the very beginning we used a
                      combination of three scattering techniques since the
                      involved size ranges require a large q-range. Small angle
                      neutron scattering was used in combination with static light
                      scattering on the same sample in order to realize this
                      extended q-range and in order to obtain structural
                      information on the growing crystal seeds. In situ dynamic
                      light scattering at the neutron scattering sample cell was
                      used to obtain an overview of all sizes present in the
                      crystallisation process. The small angle neutron scattering
                      technique required a crystallisation in heavy water instead
                      of normal water. We found that the crystallization
                      conditions did not differ too much from the ones mentioned
                      in the literature for light water when using a corrected pD
                      value of pD=pH+0.4. The crystallization is initiated by
                      mixing a 60 mg/ml Lysozyme solution with a $6wt\%$ NaCl
                      acetate buffer solution (both at pD=4.75 and at 298 K) in a
                      1 :1 ratio. Immediately after mixing, dimers of lysozyme
                      molecules are formed and the structure factor seen in the
                      lysozyme stock solution disappears. Under the chosen
                      conditions we could observe a fractal growth of the crystal
                      seeds with a change of the fractal dimension from 1.0 to 1.7
                      in the first 90 min. This can be interpreted as a branched
                      crystal seed being formed first which grows more in a linear
                      manner with little branching. Later, the space in between
                      the branched arms is filled to cross over to a more densely
                      packed fractal. With these results theoretical models of
                      crystal growth can be improved. Furthermore, the early
                      detection of crystal seeds can be used to rapidly change the
                      crystallization conditions (e. g. temperature) in order to
                      avoid the production of more crystal seeds.},
      month         = {Oct},
      date          = {2015-10-05},
      organization  = {Neutron Scattering on Nano-Structured
                       Soft Matter: Synthetic- and
                       Bio-Materials, Tutzing (Germany), 5 Oct
                       2015 - 8 Oct 2015},
      cin          = {JCNS (München) ; Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS
                      (München) ; JCNS-FRM-II / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {6215 - Soft Matter, Health and Life Sciences (POF3-621) /
                      6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre for
                      Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6215 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS2-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)24},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/276644},
}