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@ARTICLE{Simon:279585,
      author       = {Simon, D. and Gorr, B. and Hänsel, Michael and Shemet,
                      Vladimir and Christ, H. J. and Quadakkers, Willem J.},
      title        = {{E}ffect of {I}n-{S}itu {G}as {C}hanges on
                      {T}hermally{G}rown {C}hromia {S}cales {F}ormed on
                      {N}i-25{C}r {A}lloy at 1000°{C} in {A}tmospheres {W}ith and
                      {W}ithout {W}ater {V}apour},
      journal      = {Materials at high temperatures},
      volume       = {32},
      number       = {1-2},
      issn         = {0960-3409},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-07469},
      pages        = {238-247},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {Regarding oxidation resistance, most high temperature
                      alloys rely on the formation of a protective chromia surface
                      scale during service. In the present study, the oxidation
                      behaviour of a $Ni–25\%Cr$ model alloy was investigated
                      during single- and two-stage oxidation in Ar–O2 and
                      Ar–H2O gas mixtures at 1000°C. In the two-stage
                      experiments, the test gas was changed after a predefined
                      oxidation time from dry to wet gas, and vice versa, without
                      intermediate specimen cooling. Oxidation kinetics were
                      measured using thermogravimetry and post exposure
                      characterisation was accomplished using scanning and
                      transmission electron microscopy, focused ion beam and
                      energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. The single
                      stage exposure to Ar–O2 resulted in the formation of a
                      voided, poorly adhering chromia scale exhibiting a coarse,
                      equi-axed morphology. In $Ar–7\%H2O$ a fine, columnar
                      grained oxide scale was formed which was free of
                      microvoidage within the scale and at the scale/metal
                      interface and therefore exhibited excellent adherence to the
                      metallic substrate. During two-stage exposure to Ar–O2 and
                      subsequently to Ar–H2O, a fine grained, columnar shaped
                      oxide developed on top of the coarse oxide scale formed in
                      the first oxidation stage. The opposite effect occurred when
                      the exposure started in the wet environment. The mechanisms
                      which are responsible for the observed oxidation features
                      are discussed on the basis of classical oxidation theory in
                      combination with previous results on oxidation of chromia
                      forming alloys in oxygen rich gases and water vapour
                      containing, low p(O2) environments.},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {111 - Efficient and Flexible Power Plants (POF3-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000348713300031},
      doi          = {10.1179/0960340914Z.000000000108},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/279585},
}