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@ARTICLE{Niewolak:279591,
      author       = {Niewolak, Leszek and Garcia-Fresnillo, L. and Meier, G. H.
                      and Quadakkers, Willem J.},
      title        = {{S}igma-{P}hase {F}ormation in {H}igh {C}hromium {F}erritic
                      {S}teels at 650°{C}},
      journal      = {Journal of alloys and compounds},
      volume       = {638},
      issn         = {0925-8388},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-07475},
      pages        = {405-418},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {A binary Fe–30 $wt.\%Cr$ alloy and corresponding ternary
                      alloys containing manganese, molybdenum or tungsten were
                      studied with respect to σ-phase formation at 650 °C.
                      Although even after 3000 h exposure complete equilibration
                      was not attained, the presence of tungsten and especially
                      molybdenum was found to promote σ-phase formation. More
                      extensive σ-phase formation was observed in the tungsten
                      and especially in the molybdenum-containing alloys than in
                      the binary and manganese-containing alloy. Apparently the
                      bulk free energy decrease driving the nucleation of σ-phase
                      is substantially larger when tungsten or molybdenum are
                      present in the alloy.The presence of a nickel layer, to
                      simulate the contact between ferritic steel interconnects
                      and nickel mesh in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) results in
                      the formation of an austenitic zone and in accelerated
                      formation of a σ-phase rich layer at the ferrite/austenite
                      interface, due to interdiffusion processes. This interface
                      acts as a highly efficient heterogeneity for the nucleation
                      of σ-phase. The nucleation is enhanced by an increased
                      Cr/Fe-ratio at that interface. Several possible modes for
                      the growth of the σ layer were identified but the available
                      experimental data were not sufficient to distinguish among
                      these. The σ-rich layer, which appears to act as an
                      interdiffusion barrier, is thicker in the case of the binary
                      Fe–Cr and the Fe–Cr–Mn alloy than for the molybdenum-
                      or tungsten-rich alloys.The results show that the stability
                      range of σ-phase is larger than indicated by the presently
                      used thermodynamic data bases.},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {670},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {111 - Efficient and Flexible Power Plants (POF3-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000353377500061},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.03.076},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/279591},
}