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@ARTICLE{Luebke:279595,
      author       = {Luebke, Anna and Afchine, A. and Costa, A. and Meyer, J.
                      and Rolf, C. and Spelten, N. and Avallone, L. M. and
                      Baumgardner, D. and Krämer, M.},
      title        = {{T}he origin of midlatitude ice clouds and the resulting
                      influence on their microphysical properties},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics / Discussions},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {23},
      issn         = {1680-7375},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-07479},
      pages        = {34243 - 34281},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {The radiative role of ice clouds in the atmosphere is known
                      to be important, but uncertainties remain concerning the
                      magnitude and net effects. However, through measurements of
                      the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds, we can better
                      characterize them, which can ultimately allow for their
                      radiative properties to be more accurately ascertained. It
                      has recently been proposed that there are two types of
                      cirrus clouds – in situ and liquid origin. In this study,
                      we present observational evidence to show that two distinct
                      types of cirrus do exist. Airborne, in situ measurements of
                      cloud ice water content (IWC), ice crystal concentration
                      (Nice), and ice crystal size from the 2014 ML-CIRRUS
                      campaign provide cloud samples that have been divided
                      according to their origin type. The key features that set
                      liquid origin cirrus apart from the in situ origin cirrus
                      are a higher frequency of high IWC (> 100 ppmv), higher Nice
                      values, and larger ice crystals. A vertical distribution of
                      Nice shows that the in situ origin cirrus clouds exhibit a
                      median value of around 0.1 cm−3, while the liquid origin
                      concentrations are slightly, but notably higher. The median
                      sizes of the crystals contributing the most mass are less
                      than 200 μm for in situ origin cirrus, with some of the
                      largest crystals reaching 550 μm in size. The liquid origin
                      cirrus, on the other hand, were observed to have median
                      diameters greater than 200 μm, and crystals that were up to
                      750 μm. An examination of these characteristics in relation
                      to each other and their relationship to temperature provides
                      strong evidence that these differences arise from the
                      dynamics and conditions in which the ice crystals formed.
                      Additionally, the existence of these two groups in cirrus
                      cloud populations may explain why a bimodal distribution in
                      the IWC-temperature relationship has been observed. We
                      hypothesize that the low IWC mode is the result of in situ
                      origin cirrus and the high IWC mode is the result of liquid
                      origin cirrus.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244) / HITEC - Helmholtz
                      Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and Climate
                      Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.5194/acpd-15-34243-2015},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/279595},
}