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@ARTICLE{Bode:279789,
      author       = {Bode, Nikolai W. F. and Holl, Stefan and Mehner, Wolfgang
                      and Seyfried, Armin},
      title        = {{D}isentangling the {I}mpact of {S}ocial {G}roups on
                      {R}esponse {T}imes and {M}ovement {D}ynamics in
                      {E}vacuations},
      journal      = {PLoS one},
      volume       = {10},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {1932-6203},
      address      = {Lawrence, Kan.},
      publisher    = {PLoS},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2015-07671},
      pages        = {e0121227 -},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {Crowd evacuations are paradigmatic examples for collective
                      behaviour, as interactions between individuals lead to the
                      overall movement dynamics. Approaches assuming that all
                      individuals interact in the same way have significantly
                      improved our understanding of pedestrian crowd evacuations.
                      However, this scenario is unlikely, as many pedestrians move
                      in social groups that are based on friendship or kinship. We
                      test how the presence of social groups affects the egress
                      time of individuals and crowds in a representative crowd
                      evacuation experiment. Our results suggest that the presence
                      of social groups increases egress times and that this is
                      largely due to differences at two stages of evacuations.
                      First, individuals in social groups take longer to show a
                      movement response at the start of evacuations, and, second,
                      they take longer to move into the vicinity of the exits once
                      they have started to move towards them. Surprisingly, there
                      are no discernible time differences between the movement of
                      independent individuals and individuals in groups directly
                      in front of the exits. We explain these results and discuss
                      their implications. Our findings elucidate behavioural
                      differences between independent individuals and social
                      groups in evacuations. Such insights are crucial for the
                      control of crowd evacuations and for planning mass events.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {511 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF3-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-511},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000352138500203},
      pubmed       = {pmid:25785603},
      doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0121227},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/279789},
}