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@ARTICLE{Viell:280498,
      author       = {Viell, Jörn and Inouye, Hideyo and Szekely, Noemi K. and
                      Frielinghaus, Henrich and Marks, Caroline and Wang, Yumei
                      and Anders, Nico and Spiess, Antje C. and Makowski, Lee},
      title        = {{M}ulti-scale processes of beech wood disintegration and
                      pretreatment with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate/water
                      mixtures},
      journal      = {Biotechnology for biofuels},
      volume       = {9},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1754-6834},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {BioMed Central},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-00266},
      pages        = {7},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Background: The valorization of biomass for chemicals and
                      fuels requires efficient pretreatment. One effectivestrategy
                      involves the pretreatment with ionic liquids which enables
                      enzymatic saccharification of wood within a fewhours under
                      mild conditions. This pretreatment strategy is, however,
                      limited by water and the ionic liquids are ratherexpensive.
                      The scarce understanding of the involved effects, however,
                      challenges the design of alternative pretreatmentconcepts.
                      This work investigates the multi length-scale effects of
                      pretreatment of wood in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumacetate
                      (EMIMAc) in mixtures with water using spectroscopy, X-ray
                      and neutron scattering.Results: The structure of beech wood
                      is disintegrated in EMIMAc/water mixtures with a water
                      content up to 8.6 $wt\%.Above$ 10.7 $wt\%,$ the pretreated
                      wood is not disintegrated, but still much better digested
                      enzymatically compared tonative wood. In both regimes,
                      component analysis of the solid after pretreatment shows an
                      extraction of few percentof lignin and hemicellulose. In
                      concentrated EMIMAc, xylan is extracted more efficiently and
                      lignin is defunctionalized.Corresponding to the
                      disintegration at macroscopic scale, SANS and XRD show
                      isotropy and a loss of crystallinity inthe pretreated wood,
                      but without distinct reflections of type II cellulose.
                      Hence, the microfibril assembly is decrystallizedinto rather
                      amorphous cellulose within the cell wall.Conclusions: The
                      molecular and structural changes elucidate the processes of
                      wood pretreatment in EMIMAc/watermixtures. In the aqueous
                      regime with >10.7 $wt\%$ water in EMIMAc, xyloglucan and
                      lignin moieties are extracted,which leads to coalescence of
                      fibrillary cellulose structures. Dilute EMIMAc/water
                      mixtures thus resemble establishedaqueous pretreatment
                      concepts. In concentrated EMIMAc, the swelling due to
                      decrystallinization of cellulose, dissolutionof
                      cross-linking xylan, and defunctionalization of lignin
                      releases the mechanical stress to result in
                      macroscopicdisintegration of cells. The remaining cell wall
                      constituents of lignin and hemicellulose, however, limit a
                      recrystallizationof the solvated cellulose. These
                      pretreatment mechanisms are beyond common pretreatment
                      concepts and pavethe way for a formulation of mechanistic
                      requirements of pretreatment with simpler pretreatment
                      liquors.Keywords: Ionic liquid, Lignocellulose, EMIMAc, XRD,
                      SANS, Pretreatment, Crystallinity, Disintegration,
                      Microfibrils},
      cin          = {JCNS (München) ; Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS
                      (München) ; JCNS-FRM-II / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre for
                      Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS2-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000367708400001},
      doi          = {10.1186/s13068-015-0422-9},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/280498},
}