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@ARTICLE{Lupascu:280556,
      author       = {Lupascu, Doru C. and Wende, Heiko and Etier, Morad and
                      Nazrabi, Ahmadshah and Anusca, Irina and Trivedi, Harsh and
                      Shvartsman, Vladimir V. and Landers, Joachim and Salamon,
                      Soma and Schmitz-Antoniak, Carolin},
      title        = {{M}easuring the magnetoelectric effect across scales},
      journal      = {GAMM-Mitteilungen},
      volume       = {38},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {0936-7195},
      address      = {Weinheim},
      publisher    = {Wiley-VCH},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-00324},
      pages        = {25 - 74},
      year         = {2015},
      abstract     = {Magnetoelectric coupling is the material based coupling
                      between electric and magnetic fields without recurrence to
                      electrodynamics. It can arise in intrinsic multiferroics as
                      well as in composites. Intrinsic multiferroics rely on
                      atomistic coupling mechanisms, or coupled crystallographic
                      order parameters, and even more complex mechanisms. They
                      typically require operating temperatures much below T = 0°C
                      in order to exhibit their coupling effects. Room temperature
                      applications are thus excluded. Consequently, composites
                      have been designed to circumvent this limitation. They rely
                      on field coupling between magnetostrictive and piezoelectric
                      materials or in more advanced scenarios on quantum coupling
                      in between both phases.This overview will describe
                      experimental techniques and their particular limitations in
                      accessing these coupling phenomena at different scales.
                      Strain coupling is the dominant coupling mechanism at the
                      macroscale as well as down to the micrometer. At the
                      nanoscale more subtle effects can arise and some care has to
                      be taken when investigating local coupling at interfaces
                      using scanning probe techniques, e. g. due to semiconductor
                      effects, field screening, or gradient and surface effects.
                      At the smallest length scale atomic or molecular coupling
                      can be tested using X-ray dichroism or probe atoms like 57Fe
                      in Mössbauer spectroscopy. We display a selection of
                      measuring techniques at the different scales and outline
                      possible pitfalls for experimentalists as well as
                      theoreticians when using material parameters extracted from
                      such experimental work},
      cin          = {PGI-6},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-6-20110106},
      pnm          = {522 - Controlling Spin-Based Phenomena (POF3-522)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-522},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1002/gamm.201510003},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/280556},
}