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@ARTICLE{Zhao:281847,
      author       = {Zhao, Yue and Yoshimura, Kimio and Shishitani, Hideyuki and
                      Yamaguchi, Susumu and Tanaka, Hirohisa and Koizumi, Satoshi
                      and Szekely, Noemi and Radulescu, Aurel and Richter, Dieter
                      and Maekawa, Yasunari},
      title        = {{I}midazolium-based anion exchange membranes for alkaline
                      anion fuel cells: elucidation of the morphology and the
                      interplay between the morphology and properties},
      journal      = {Soft matter},
      volume       = {12},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {1744-6848},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {Royal Soc. of Chemistry},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-01514},
      pages        = {1567 - 1578},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {We investigated the morphology and swelling behavior of a
                      new graft-type of anion exchange membrane (AEM) containing
                      2-methylimidazolium groups by using a contrast variation
                      small angle neutron scattering (SANS) technique. These AEMs
                      were prepared by radiation-induced grafting of
                      2-methyl-1-vinylimidazole and styrene into
                      poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) films and
                      subsequent N-alkylation with methyliodide, and possessed
                      both high alkaline durability and high conductivity. Our
                      results showed that the crystalline lamellar and crystallite
                      structures originating from the pristine ETFE films were
                      more or less conserved in these AEMs, but the lamellar
                      d-spacing in both dry and wet membranes was enlarged,
                      indicating an expansion of the amorphous lamellae due to the
                      graft chains introduced in the grafting process and the
                      water incorporated in the swelling process. For the first
                      time, the swelling behavior of the AEMs was studied
                      quantitatively in various water mixtures of water and
                      deuterated water with different volume ratios (contrast
                      variation method), and the morphology of these membranes was
                      elucidated by three phases: phase (1) crystalline ETFE
                      domains, which offer good mechanical properties; phase (2)
                      hydrophobic amorphous domains, which are made up of
                      amorphous ETFE chains and offer a matrix to create
                      conducting regions; phase (3) interconnected hydrated
                      domains, which are composed of the entire graft chains and
                      water and play a key role in promoting the conductivity.},
      cin          = {JCNS (München) ; Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS
                      (München) ; JCNS-FRM-II / Neutronenstreuung ; JCNS-1},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre for
                      Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS2-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000369749500024},
      doi          = {10.1039/C5SM02724A},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/281847},
}