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@ARTICLE{Troy:283335,
      author       = {Troy, Stefanie and Schreiber, Andrea and Reppert, Thorsten
                      and Gehrke, Hans-Gregor and Finsterbusch, Martin and
                      Uhlenbruck, Sven and Stenzel, Peter},
      title        = {{L}ife {C}ycle {A}ssessment and resource analysis of
                      all-solid-state batteries},
      journal      = {Applied energy},
      volume       = {169},
      issn         = {0306-2619},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-01764},
      pages        = {757 - 767},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {In this investigation the environmental impacts of the
                      manufacturing processes of a new all-solid-state battery
                      (SSB) concept in a pouch bag housing were assessed using the
                      Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology for the first time.
                      To do so, the different production steps were investigated
                      in detail, based on actual laboratory scale production
                      processes. All in- and outputs regarding material and energy
                      flows were collected and assessed. As LCA investigations of
                      products in an early state of research and development
                      usually result in comparatively higher results than those of
                      mature technologies in most impact categories, potential
                      future improvements of production processes and efficiency
                      were considered by adding two concepts to the investigation.
                      Apart from the laboratory production which depicts the
                      current workflow, an idealized laboratory production and a
                      possible industrial production were portrayed as well.The
                      results indicate that electricity consumption plays a big
                      role due to a lot of high temperature production steps. It
                      needs to be improved for future industrial production. Also
                      enhanced battery performance can strongly influence the
                      results. Overall the laboratory scale results indeed improve
                      strongly when assuming a careful use of resources, which
                      will likely be a predominant target for industrial
                      production. These findings therefore highlight hotspots and
                      give improvement targets for future developments. It can
                      also be deducted, that a comparison to the results of
                      competing technologies that have already reached a
                      commercial stage is not recommended for early LCAs.To round
                      things off a resource analysis was also conducted. It
                      identifies the usage of lanthanum, lithium and zirconium
                      oxide as critical, especially when taking laboratory
                      production as a base. When looking at the scale up to
                      industrial production parameters, lanthanum and lithium
                      remain critical, zirconium oxide not.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE / IEK-1},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013},
      pnm          = {153 - Assessment of Energy Systems – Addressing Issues of
                      Energy Efficiency and Energy Security (POF3-153) / 111 -
                      Efficient and Flexible Power Plants (POF3-111) / 131 -
                      Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131) / HITEC - Helmholtz
                      Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and Climate
                      Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-153 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-111 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000374196200061},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.064},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/283335},
}