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@ARTICLE{Santacesaria:28336,
      author       = {Santacesaria, V. and Carla, R. and MacKenzie, R. and
                      Adriani, A. and Cario, F. and di Donfrancesco, G. and
                      Kiemle, C. and Redaelli, G. and Beuermann, J. and Schiller,
                      C. and Peter, T. and Luo, B. and Wernli, H. and Ravegnani,
                      F. and Ulanovsky, A. and Yushkov, V. and Balestri, S. and
                      Stefanutti, L.},
      title        = {{C}louds at the tropical tropopause: a case study during
                      the {APE}-{THESEO} campaign over the {W}estern {I}ndian
                      {O}cean},
      journal      = {Journal of geophysical research / Atmospheres},
      volume       = {108},
      issn         = {0022-1406},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-28336},
      pages        = {4044},
      year         = {2003},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {[1] In this paper, we report a detailed description of a
                      thin cirrus at the tropopause above a cumulonimbus (Cb)
                      convective cluster observed during the Airborne Platform for
                      Earth Observation-Third European Stratospheric Experiment
                      for Ozone (APE-THESEO) campaign in February-March 1999 in
                      the western Indian Ocean. The thin cirrus (Ci) has an
                      optical depth at 532 nm below 0.1, with extended subvisible
                      stretches, and is located directly below the tropopause,
                      which was supersaturated with respect to ice. A direct
                      comparison between the optical depth retrieved by Meteosat
                      and that obtained by means of the hygrometers installed on
                      the M55-Geophysica aircraft is discussed showing
                      discrepancies ranging from 10 to $20\%.$ Combining satellite
                      and aircraft data, we show that the observed Ci is not due
                      to cirrus outflow from Cb anvils. In the absence of any
                      deeply convective clouds reaching altitudes above 15 km, we
                      propose a possible mechanism of Ci formation based on a net
                      mesoscale transport of water vapor from altitudes above 16
                      km to the tropopause region around 18 km. This transport
                      could be driven by the critical layer and turbulence induced
                      by gravity waves that could have been generated by lower
                      level Cb cluster activity. The proposed mechanism for
                      high-altitude Ci formation corroborates the new paradigm of
                      a tropical tropopause layer (TTL) or "substratosphere,''
                      several kilometers thick, which is decoupled from the
                      convection-dominated lower troposphere.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-I},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB47},
      pnm          = {Chemie und Dynamik der Geo-Biosphäre},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK257},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000181797400001},
      doi          = {10.1029/2002JD002166},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/28336},
}