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@PHDTHESIS{Stockinger:283573,
      author       = {Stockinger, Michael Paul},
      title        = {{S}treamwater transit time distributions at the catchment
                      scale: constraining uncertainties through identification of
                      spatio-temporal controls},
      volume       = {313},
      school       = {Universität Bonn},
      type         = {Dr.},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-01887},
      isbn         = {978-3-95806-131-6},
      series       = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Energie $\&$
                      Umwelt / Energy $\&$ Environment},
      pages        = {XIX, 161 S.},
      year         = {2016},
      note         = {Universität Bonn, Diss., 2016},
      abstract     = {Precipitation water traveling through a catchment takes
                      faster and slower flow paths to reach the outlet. The
                      knowledge about the distribution of relevant flow paths in a
                      catchment and their respective transit times of water is
                      important when considering that water is the main
                      transportation agent for pollutants and that anthropogenic
                      impacts to natural systems can alter the hydrology
                      dramatically, thus endangering water resources. However, the
                      exact processes governing water transport through a
                      catchment are unknown, as no measurement technology exists
                      to capture them in situ. Tracers such as the stable isotopes
                      of water ($\delta^{18}$O and $\delta^{2}$H) are used to
                      model these transport processes. The Transit Time
                      Distribution (TTD) is a model estimate that integrates
                      different flow paths of precipitation water through a
                      catchment to the outlet. Due to different sources of
                      uncertainties, e.g., the model structure, the estimates of
                      TTDs are inherently uncertain. The conclusions of present
                      day studies that want to elucidate the hydrological behavior
                      of catchments, compare catchments or predict the hydrology
                      of ungauged catchments from TTDs inherently suffer from
                      these uncertainties. The aim of this study was to
                      investigate spatiotemporal influences on the uncertainty of
                      TTDs with the overall goal to ensure better estimates of
                      TTDs. A simple, conceptual model was applied to two humid,
                      small to medium scale catchments to investigate three
                      hypothesis: that (1) heterogeneities of TTDs of a small
                      catchment stem from different soil types, (2) canopy-induced
                      changes in the tracer signal of stable isotopes of water due
                      to interception will influence TTD estimates, and (3) a
                      higher temporal resolution of tracer data will lead to
                      differences in TTDs.The obtained results indicate that the
                      soil types can indeed explain the spatial patterns of TTDs
                      in a small scale catchment and could be used to limit
                      uncertainty in e.g., ungauged catchments. When calculating
                      TTD for forested catchments, interception must be
                      considered, as it decreases the uncertainty of TTD
                      estimates. Furthermore, a higher temporal resolution of
                      tracer data led to drastically different estimates of TTDs,
                      indicating that the usually applied weekly data is not
                      enough to understand faster flow paths through a catchment.
                      Thus, this study is a step forward in decreasing
                      uncertainties in TTD estimates by considering canopy
                      interception and arguing for higher resolution tracer data.
                      Future work will have to concentrate on automatization of
                      high-resolution measurements of tracer data to establish the
                      data basis needed for less uncertain TTD estimates.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)3 / PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
      urn          = {urn:nbn:de:0001-2016041507},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/283573},
}