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@ARTICLE{Bais:28660,
      author       = {Bais, A. F. and Madronich, S. and Crawford, J. and Hall, S.
                      R. and Mayer, B. and van Weele, M. and Lenoble, J. and
                      Calvert, J. G. and Cantrell, A. A. and Shetter, R. E. and
                      Hofzumahaus, A. and Köpke, P. and Monks, P. S. and Frost,
                      G. and McKenzie, R. and Krotkov, N. and Kylling, A. and
                      Swartz, W. H. and Lloyd, S. and Pfister, G. and Martin, T.
                      J. and Röth, E. P. and Griffioen, E. and Ruggaber, A. and
                      Krol, M. and Kraus, A. and Edwards, G. D. and Müller, M.
                      and Lefer, B. and Johnston, P. and Schwander, H. and
                      Flittner, D. and Gardiner, B. G. and Barrick, L. A. and
                      Schmitt, R.},
      title        = {{I}nternational photolysis frequency measurement and model
                      intercomparison ({IPMMI}): spectral actinic solar flux
                      measurements and modeling},
      journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
      volume       = {108},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-28660},
      pages        = {16},
      year         = {2003},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {[1] The International Photolysis Frequency Measurement and
                      Model Intercomparison (IPMMI) took place in Boulder,
                      Colorado, from 15 to 19 June 1998, aiming to investigate the
                      level of accuracy of photolysis frequency and spectral
                      downwelling actinic flux measurements and to explore the
                      ability of radiative transfer models to reproduce the
                      measurements. During this period, 2 days were selected to
                      compare model calculations with measurements, one cloud-free
                      and one cloudy. A series of ancillary measurements were also
                      performed and provided parameters required as input to the
                      models. Both measurements and modeling were blind, in the
                      sense that no exchanges of data or calculations were allowed
                      among the participants, and the results were objectively
                      analyzed and compared by two independent referees. The
                      objective of this paper is, first, to present the results of
                      comparisons made between measured and modeled downwelling
                      actinic flux and irradiance spectra and, second, to
                      investigate the reasons for which some of the models or
                      measurements deviate from the others. For clear skies the
                      relative agreement between the 16 models depends strongly on
                      solar zenith angle (SZA) and wavelength as well as on the
                      input parameters used, like the extraterrestrial (ET) solar
                      flux and the absorption cross sections. The majority of the
                      models (11) agreed to within about $+/-6\%$ for solar zenith
                      angles smaller than similar to60degrees. The agreement among
                      the measured spectra depends on the optical characteristics
                      of the instruments (e.g., slit function, stray light
                      rejection, and sensitivity). After transforming the
                      measurements to a common spectral resolution, two of the
                      three participating spectroradiometers agree to within
                      similar $to10\%$ for wavelengths longer than 310 nm and at
                      all solar zenith angles, while their differences increase
                      when moving to shorter wavelengths. Most models agree well
                      with the measurements (both downwelling actinic flux and
                      global irradiance), especially at local noon, where the
                      agreement is within a few percent. A few models exhibit
                      significant deviations with respect either to wavelength or
                      to solar zenith angle. Models that use the Atmospheric
                      Laboratory for Applications and Science 3 (ATLAS-3) solar
                      flux agree better with the measured spectra, suggesting that
                      ATLAS-3 is probably more appropriate for radiative transfer
                      modeling in the ultraviolet.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-I / ICG-II},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB47 / I:(DE-Juel1)VDB48},
      pnm          = {Chemie und Dynamik der Geo-Biosphäre},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK257},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000184604300001},
      doi          = {10.1029/2002JD002891},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/28660},
}