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@PHDTHESIS{Wolters:29919,
      author       = {Wolters, Andre},
      title        = {{P}esticide volatilization from soil and plant surfaces:
                      {M}easurements at different scales versus model predictions},
      volume       = {4073},
      issn         = {0944-2952},
      school       = {Techn. Hochsch. Aachen},
      type         = {Dr. (FH)},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-29919, Juel-4073},
      series       = {Berichte des Forschungszentrums Jülich},
      pages        = {IX, 127 p.},
      year         = {2003},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012; Aachen, Techn.
                      Hochsch., Diss., 2003},
      abstract     = {Simulation of pesticide volatilization from plant and soil
                      surfaces as an integral component of pesticide fate models
                      is of utmost importance, especially as part of the PEC
                      (Predicted Environmental Concentrations) models used in the
                      registration procedures for pesticides. Experimentally
                      determined volatilization rates at different scales were
                      compared to model predictions to improve recent approaches
                      included in European registration models. To assess the
                      influence of crucial factors affecting volatilization under
                      well-defined conditions, a laboratory chamber was set-up and
                      validated. Aerodynamic conditions were adjusted to fulfill
                      the requirements of the German guideline on assessing
                      pesticide volatilization for registration purposes.
                      Determination of soil moisture profiles of the upper soil
                      layer illustrated that a defined water content in the soil
                      up to a depth of 4 cm could be achieved by water-saturation
                      of the air. Cumulative volatilization of
                      $^{14}$C-parathion-methyl ranged from 2.4\% under dry
                      conditions to 32.9\% under moist conditions revealing a
                      clear dependence of volatilization on the water content in
                      the top layer. At the semi-field scale, volatilization rates
                      were determined in a wind-tunnel study after soil surface
                      application of pesticides to gleyic cambisol. The following
                      descending order of cumulative volatilization was observed:
                      chlorpyrifos > parathion-methyl > terbuthylazine >
                      fenpropimorph. Parameterization of the models PEARL
                      (Pesticide Emission Assessment at Regional and Local Scales)
                      and PELMO (Pesticide Leaching Model) was performed to mirror
                      the experimental boundary conditions. Model predictions
                      deviated markedly from measured volatilization fluxes and
                      showed limitations of current volatilization models, such as
                      the uppermost compartment thickness having an enormous
                      influence on predicted volatilization losses. Moreover, the
                      impact of soil moisture on volatilization from soil was not
                      reflected by the model calculations. Improvements of PELMO,
                      including the temperaturedependence of water-air
                      partitioning, the reduction of the compartment size of the
                      top layer and the introduction of a moisture-dependent
                      sorption coefficient, contributed to a more realistic
                      reflection of experimental findings, especially at the
                      initial stage of the studies. Studies on volatilization from
                      plants included a field study and a wind-tunnel study after
                      simultaneous application of parathion-methyl, fenpropimorph
                      and quinoxyfen to winter wheat. Parathion-methyl was shown
                      to have the highest volatilization during the windtunnel
                      study of 10 days (29.2\%). Volatilization of quinoxyfen was
                      about 15.0\%, indicating a higher volatilization tendency in
                      comparison with fenpropimorph (6.0\%), which may be
                      attributed to enhanced penetration of fenpropimorph
                      counteracting the volatilization process. A mechanistic
                      approach using a laminar air-boundary layer concept for the
                      consideration of volatilization from plant surfaces was
                      adjusted and calibrated on the basis of a series of
                      wind-tunnel studies. Calibration of the thickness of the
                      air-boundary layer and the rate coefficients of
                      phototransformation and penetration into the leaves allowed
                      the implementation of this description in PELMO and enabled
                      the simultaneous estimation of volatilization from plants
                      and soil. The need to determine critical factors affecting
                      volatilization, especially phase partitioning coefficients,
                      resulted in the development and validation of a novel
                      chamber system for measurements of the temperature
                      dependence of the soil-air partitioning of fenpropimorph.
                      Additional batch studies allowed for the quantification of
                      the general tendency of pesticides towards enhanced soil
                      sorption after lowering the temperature.},
      cin          = {ICG-IV},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB50},
      pnm          = {Chemie und Dynamik der Geo-Biosphäre},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK257},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11 / PUB:(DE-HGF)3},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/29919},
}