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@ARTICLE{Kromer:31464,
      author       = {Kromer, T. and Ophoff, H. and Stork, A. and Führ, F.},
      title        = {{P}hotodegradation and {V}olatility of {P}esticides :
                      chamber experiments},
      journal      = {Environmental science and pollution research},
      volume       = {11},
      issn         = {0944-1344},
      address      = {Landsberg},
      publisher    = {ecomed-Verlagsges.},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-31464},
      pages        = {107 - 120},
      year         = {2004},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {Background and Objectives. Among the factors affecting the
                      environmental fate of surface-applied pesticides several
                      biological as well as abiotic factors, such as
                      volatilization and photochemical transformations are of
                      particular interest. Whereas reliable measurement methods
                      and models for estimating direct photodegradation are
                      already available for the compartments of water and
                      atmosphere and individual subprocesses have already been
                      described in detail, there is still a need for further
                      elucidation concerning the key processes of heterogeneous
                      photodegradation of environmental chemicals on
                      surfaces.Methods. In order to systematically examine the
                      direct and indirect photoclegradation of C-14-labeled
                      pesticides on various surfaces and their volatilization
                      behavior, a new laboratory device ('photovolatility
                      chamber') was designed according to US EPA Guideline 161-3.
                      Model experiments under controlled conditions were conducted
                      investigating the impact of different surfaces, i.e. glass,
                      soil dust and radish plants, and environmental factors, i.e.
                      irradiation and atmospheric ozone (O-3), on the
                      photodegradation and volatilization of surface-deposited
                      [phenyl-UL-C-14]parathion-methyl (PM).Results and
                      Discussion. Depending on the experimental conditions,
                      parathion-methyl was converted to paraoxon-methyl,
                      4-nitrophenol, unknown polar products and (CO2)-C-14. With
                      respect to the direct photodegradation of PM (experiments
                      without O-3), the major products were polar compounds and
                      (CO2)-C-14, due to the rapid photochemical mineralization of
                      4-nitrophenol to (CO2)-C-14. Paraoxon-methyl and
                      4-nitrophenol formation was mainly mediated by the
                      combination of light, O-3, and (OH)-O-. radicals. In radish
                      experiments PM photoclegradation was presumably located in
                      the cuticle compartment, which exhibited a sensitized
                      photodegradation, as more unknown products were yielded
                      compared to the glass and soil dust experiments. This could
                      be explained by intensifying the inherent PM degradation in
                      the dark with the same product spectrum. Due to
                      photochemical product formation, which is an antagonistic
                      process to the volatilization of parent compound, the
                      volatilization of unaltered parathion-methyl from each
                      surface generally decreased in the presence of light,
                      particularly in combination with increasing O-3
                      concentrations and (OH)-O-. radical production
                      rates.Conclusion. First results demonstrated that the
                      photovolatility chamber provides a special tool for the
                      systematic evaluation of (a) photodegradation of
                      surface-located pesticide residues, i.e. measuring
                      qualitative aspects of direct and indirect photodegradation
                      together with relative photodegradation rates, and (b)
                      volatilization of pesticides on surfaces by including and
                      optionally varying relevant parameters such as light,
                      atmospheric O-3 concentration, surface temperature, air
                      temperature, air flow rate.Outlook. The experimental
                      facility represents an important complement to lysimeter and
                      field studies, in particular for experiments on the
                      volatilization of pesticides using the wind tunnel system.
                      With the photovolatility chamber special experiments on
                      photodegradation, volatilization and plant uptake can be
                      conducted to study key processes in more detail and this
                      will lead to a better understanding of the effects of
                      certain environmental processes on the fate of released
                      agrochemicals contributing to an improved risk assessment.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-IV},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB50},
      pnm          = {Chemie und Dynamik der Geo-Biosphäre},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK257},
      shelfmark    = {Environmental Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000220529800006},
      doi          = {10.1007/BF02979710},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/31464},
}