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@ARTICLE{Fried:32542,
      author       = {Fried, A. and Wang, Y. and Cantrell, C. and Wert, B. and
                      Walega, J. and Ridley, B. and Atlas, E. and Shetter, R. and
                      Lefer, B. and Coffey, M. T. and Hannigan, J. and Blake, D.
                      and Blake, N. and Meinardi, S. and Talbot, B. and Dibb, J.
                      and Scheuer, E. and Wingenter, O. and Snow, J. and Heikes,
                      B. and Ehhalt, D.H.},
      title        = {{T}unable diode laser measurements of formaldehyde during
                      the {TOPSE} 2000 study: {D}istributions, trends, and model
                      comparisons},
      journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
      volume       = {108},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-32542},
      pages        = {TOP 13-1 - TOP 13-2},
      year         = {2003},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {[1] Airborne measurements of formaldehyde (CH2O) were
                      acquired employing tunable diode laser absorption
                      spectroscopy (TDLAS) during the 2000 Tropospheric Ozone
                      Production About the Spring Equinox (TOPSE) study. This
                      study consisted of seven deployments spanning the time
                      period from 4 February to 23 May 2000 and covered a wide
                      latitudinal band from 40degreesN to 85degreesN. The median
                      measured CH2O concentrations, with a few exceptions, did not
                      show any clear temporal trends from February to May in each
                      of five altitude and three latitude bins examined. Detailed
                      measurement-model comparisons were carried out using a
                      variety of approaches employing two different steady state
                      models. Because recent emissions of CH2O and/or its
                      precursors often result in model underpredictions,
                      background conditions were identified using a number of
                      chemical tracers. For background conditions at temperatures
                      warmer than -45degreesC, the measurement-model agreement on
                      average ranged between $-13\%$ and $+5\%$
                      (measurement-model/measurement), which corresponded to mean
                      and median (measurement-model) differences of 3 +/- 69 and
                      -6 parts per trillion by volume (pptv), respectively. At
                      very low temperatures starting at around -45degreesC,
                      significant and persistent (measurement-model) differences
                      were observed from February to early April from southern
                      Canada to the Arctic Ocean in the 6-8 km altitude range. In
                      such cases, measured CH2O was as much as 392 pptv higher
                      than modeled, and the median difference was 132 pptv
                      $(83\%).$ Low light conditions as well as cold temperatures
                      may be important in this effect. A number of possible
                      mechanisms involving the reaction of CH3O2 with HO2 to
                      produce CH2O directly were investigated, but in each case
                      the discrepancy was only minimally reduced. Other
                      possibilities were also considered but in each case there
                      was no compelling evidence to support any of the hypotheses.
                      Whatever the cause, the elevated CH2O concentrations
                      significantly impact upper tropospheric HOx levels at high
                      latitudes (>57degreesN) in the February-April time frame.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-II},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB48},
      pnm          = {Chemie und Dynamik der Geo-Biosphäre},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK257},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000181937100004},
      doi          = {10.1029/2002JD002208},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/32542},
}