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@ARTICLE{Zimmermann:373,
      author       = {Zimmermann, E. and Kemna, A. and Berwix, J. and Glaas, W.
                      and Münch, H. M. and Huisman, J. A.},
      title        = {{A} high-accuracy impedance spectrometer for measuring
                      sediments with low polarizability},
      journal      = {Measurement science and technology},
      volume       = {19},
      issn         = {0957-0233},
      address      = {Bristol},
      publisher    = {IOP Publ.},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-373},
      pages        = {105603},
      year         = {2008},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {Spectral impedance measurements are receiving increased
                      attention with regard to the characterization of soils,
                      sediments and rocks, particularly in terms of the internal
                      rock structure, the mineralogical composition and the
                      chemistry of fluids contained in porous rocks. In
                      fluid-saturated, porous sedimentary rocks, which are of
                      particular relevance for many hydrological and environmental
                      problems, the polarization processes that give rise to an
                      observed phase shift between input current and output
                      voltage signals are caused by the interaction of the
                      electrolyte in the pores of the rock with electrically
                      charged mineral surfaces. However, this phase response is
                      relatively weak, typically smaller than 10 mrad and
                      sometimes even of the order of only 1 mrad. In order to
                      reliably measure such phase responses in the relevant
                      frequency range, a high-accuracy impedance spectrometer is
                      required. This system must allow phase measurements between
                      1 mHz and 1 kHz with a phase accuracy better than 0.1 mrad.
                      In this paper, we present a new impedance spectrometer which
                      meets these requirements. It is based on the four-point
                      measurement method and offers a measurement range from 1 mHz
                      to 45 kHz. Furthermore, we present design information for
                      the sample holder and the electrodes, and methods for
                      performing numerical corrections to reduce measurement
                      errors. The overall accuracy of the setup was validated
                      using water and sand with well-defined polarizable objects.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-4 / ZEL},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB793 / I:(DE-Juel1)ZEL-20090406},
      pnm          = {Terrestrische Umwelt},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK407},
      shelfmark    = {Engineering, Multidisciplinary / Instruments $\&$
                      Instrumentation},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000259113400021},
      doi          = {10.1088/0957-0233/19/10/105603},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/373},
}