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@ARTICLE{Rapp:37979,
      author       = {Rapp, J. and Biel, W. and Gerhauser, H. and Huber, A. and
                      Koslowski, H. R. and Lehnen, M. and Philipps, V. and
                      Pospieszczyk, A. and Reiser, D. and Samm, U. and Sergienko,
                      G. and Tokar, M. Z. and Zagorski, R.},
      title        = {{O}perational limits under different wall conditions on
                      {TEXTOR}-94},
      journal      = {Journal of nuclear materials},
      volume       = {290-293},
      issn         = {0022-3115},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-37979},
      pages        = {1148 - 1154},
      year         = {2001},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {Generally the operational range of tokamaks is limited by
                      the beta and the density limit. Experimentally it was found,
                      that the appearance of MARFEs [B. Lipschultz, J. Nucl.
                      Mater. 145-147 (1987) 15] inhibited an increase of the
                      density significantly above the so-called Greenwald density
                      (n(GW)) [M. Greenwald et al., Nucl. Fus. 28 (1988) 2199]. In
                      TEXTOR-94 the onset of MARFEs has been investigated under
                      different wall conditions. With fresh siliconization and
                      fresh boronization the appearance of MARFEs can be postponed
                      to higher densities (N-GW = (n) over bar (e/)n(GW) = 1.7).
                      At those high densities (n) over bar (e) = 8 x 10(19) m(-3)
                      the Z(eff) is reduced to 1.3. But as important as the
                      reduction of the global impurity content is the suppressed
                      carbon release on the high-field-side (HFS) just after wall
                      conditioning, Modeling of the MARFE onset by the codes
                      B2-Eirene and TECXY demonstrates that an instability on the
                      HFS due to deuterium recycling and radiation only leads to
                      the formation of MARFEs at higher line-averaged densities in
                      comparison to calculations which include carbon impurities.
                      Complete suppression of MARFEs has been achieved by
                      controlled displacement of the plasma column to the
                      low-field-side (LFS), which reduces the local recycling and
                      impurity release at the inner bumper limiter. This resulted
                      in the highest densities achieved at TEXTOR-94 of N-GW = 2.1
                      independent of wall conditions. In this case the maximum
                      achievable density is limited by a radiative collapse. (C)
                      2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IPP-1 / IPP-2},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB27 / I:(DE-Juel1)VDB28},
      pnm          = {Instabilitäten und transportvorgänge im Plasma /
                      Teilchen- und Energietransport in der Plasmarandschicht /
                      Apparative Methoden zum Teilchenkreislauf und zur
                      Leistungsauskopplung},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK45 / G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK48 /
                      G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK42},
      shelfmark    = {Materials Science, Multidisciplinary / Nuclear Science $\&$
                      Technology / Mining $\&$ Mineral Processing},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000167676700229},
      doi          = {10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00553-5},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/37979},
}