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@PHDTHESIS{ToengesSchuller:41864,
      author       = {Toenges-Schuller, Nicola},
      title        = {{G}lobale {V}erteilungsmuster anthropogener
                      {S}tickoxidemissionen: {V}ergleich und {I}ntegration von
                      troposphärischen {S}atellitenbeobachtungen und
                      {M}odellrechnungen},
      volume       = {4160},
      issn         = {0944-2952},
      school       = {Univ. Köln},
      type         = {Dr. (Univ.)},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-41864, Juel-4160},
      series       = {Berichte des Forschungszentrums Jülich},
      pages        = {VIII, 140 S.},
      year         = {2005},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012; Köln, Univ., Diss.,
                      2004},
      abstract     = {Nitrogen oxide (NO$_{x}$, NO+NO$_{2}$) plays a key role in
                      tropospheric chemistry, for example as an important
                      precursor of ozone. Its distribution is studied with global
                      chemistry transport models, which need surface emission data
                      as input. A widely-used emission inventory is the EDGAR
                      database, where the anthropogenic emissions are estimated
                      using economic data of the individual countries. This
                      database contains large and mostly unknown uncertainties. In
                      this thesis, satellite data are used in addition to EDGAR to
                      estimate the geographical distribution pattern of
                      anthropogenic NO$_{x}$ emissions. Due to the short
                      tropospheric lifetime of NO$_{x}$ (≈ 1 day), its global
                      distribution is highly correlated to the distribution of the
                      emissions, which allows using measurements of tropospheric
                      NO$_{2}$ column densities by the satellite instrument GOME
                      as a proxy for anthropogenic emissions in the areas
                      dominated by those emissions. Two GOME evaluations are used
                      in this thesis, one done by Richter \& Burrows (IUP Bremen)
                      and one done by Leue et al. (IUP Heidelberg). As yet another
                      proxy for anthropogenic emissions, calibrated satellite
                      measurements of the nighttime lights of the world
                      (Operational Linescan System (OLS), Defense Meteorological
                      Satellite Program, NGDC) are used. Within this thesis, a
                      method is developed to calculate pattern errors using the
                      correlation coefficients of at least three fields with
                      independent errors (correlation error analysis). The pattern
                      error of a field is defined here as the ratio of the
                      variance of the error contained in that field to the
                      variance of the total field. At first, the correlation error
                      analysis is applied to the annual mean values of four
                      NO$_{2}$ column density fields in those areas dominated by
                      anthropogenic emissions: Two GOME evaluations and two model
                      calculations done with the global chemistry transport model
                      MOZART. The first model calculation was done using the
                      model’s standard emission fields which are based on the
                      EDGAR database; in the second calculation, the anthropogenic
                      NOx emissions were replaced by a source based on the
                      satellite images of the nighttime lights of the world. Since
                      neither the errors of the two GOME evaluations (same
                      instrument, similar evaluaiii tion algorithms) nor the
                      errors of the two model calculations (done by the same
                      model) are independent, only error ranges can be given for
                      the column density fields: The pattern errors of the two
                      model calculations range from 18\% to 50\%, the pattern
                      error of the GOME evaluation by Richter \& Burrows ranges
                      from 0\% to 39\% and the pattern error of the GOME
                      evaluation by Leue et al ranges from 26\% to 55\%. For the
                      correlation error analysis of the emission fields, there are
                      three independent sources available: EDGAR, OLS and GOME. To
                      at least partly eliminate the effect of undirected
                      transport, the GOME fields are deconvoluted and risen to a
                      higher power. This sharpens the patterns of the satellite
                      measurements when interpreted as emissions. If outliers in
                      the source fields are eliminated before applying the
                      correlation error analysis, the pattern errors of the four
                      fields determined in this thesis read as follows: EDGAR
                      anthropogenic: (27±5)\%, light-based NO$_{x}$ source: (26
                      ± 5)\%, NO$_{x}$ source GOME Richter: (33 ± 5)\%, NO$_{x}$
                      source GOME Leue: (45 ± 5)\%. So far, the error estimates
                      for EDGAR were rather rough; the error specifications for
                      the GOME fields can help to improve the retrieval
                      algorithms. Finally, the four emission fields are combined
                      minimizing the pattern error of the combination field.
                      Assuming that the pattern errors that were determined in the
                      areas dominated by anthropogenic emissions are the same in
                      other regions as well, an anthropogenic NO$_{x}$ emission
                      field with global coverage can be constructed: In the areas
                      dominated by biogenic emissions, only the anthropogenic
                      EDGAR source and the light-based emissions are combined. In
                      the areas dominated by anthropogenic emissions, all four
                      fields are combined where possible. At grid points where one
                      or two fields show outliers or are undefined, only the other
                      fields are combined. The pattern error of the combination
                      field amounts to (15 ± 2)\%, which is a considerable
                      reduction compared to the pattern errors of the four
                      original fields. The combination field is unique only up to
                      a constant offset and a constant factor, since only the
                      pattern of that field is fixed by the construction. This
                      offset and factor are chosen relative to the anthropogenic
                      NO$_{x}$ emissions of EDGAR. With this source field a MOZART
                      model calculation is done. The spatial correlation of the
                      annual mean of the tropospheric column densities of this
                      field with either of the GOME evaluations is higher than
                      that of the original model calculations with either the
                      EDGAR or the light-based NO$_{x}$ emissions.},
      cin          = {ICG-II},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB48},
      pnm          = {Chemie und Dynamik der Geo-Biosphäre},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK257},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11 / PUB:(DE-HGF)3},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/41864},
}