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@ARTICLE{Mhler:42502,
      author       = {Möhler, O. and Büttner, S. and Linke, C. and Schnaiter,
                      M. and Saathoff, M. and Stetzer, H. and Wagner, R. and
                      Krämer, M. and Mangold, A. and Ebert, V. and Schurath, U.},
      title        = {{E}ffect of sulphuric acid coating on heterogeneous ice
                      nucleation by soot aerosol particles},
      journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
      volume       = {110},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-42502},
      pages        = {D11210},
      year         = {2005},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {The low-temperature aerosol and cloud chamber AIDA (Aerosol
                      Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) of
                      Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe was used to investigate the
                      effect of sulfuric acid coating on the ice nucleation
                      efficiency of soot aerosol particles from a spark discharge
                      generator. The uncoated (sulfuric acid-coated) soot aerosol
                      showed a nearly lognormal size distribution with number
                      concentrations of 300-5000 cm(-3) (2500-56,000 cm-3), count
                      median diameters of 70-140 nm (90-200 nm), and geometric
                      standard deviation of 1.3-1.4 (1.5-1.6). The volume fraction
                      of the sulfuric acid coating to the total aerosol volume
                      concentration ranged from 21 to $81\%.$ Ice activation was
                      investigated in dynamic expansion experiments simulating
                      cloud cooling rates between about -0.6 and -3.5 K min(-1).
                      At temperatures between 186 and similar to 235 K, uncoated
                      soot particles acted as deposition nuclei at very low ice
                      saturation ratios between 1.1 and 1.3. Above 235 K, ice
                      nucleation only occurred after approaching liquid
                      saturation. Coating with sulfuric acid significantly
                      increased the ice nucleation thresholds of soot aerosol to
                      saturation ratios increasing from similar to 1.3 at 230 K to
                      similar to 1.5 at 185 K. This immersion mode of freezing
                      nucleates ice well below the thresholds for homogeneous
                      freezing of pure sulfuric acid solution droplets measured in
                      previous AIDA experiments. A case study indicated that in
                      contrast to the homogeneous freezing the nucleation rate of
                      the immersion freezing mechanism depends only weakly on
                      relative humidity and thereby the solute concentration.
                      These results show that it is important to know the mixing
                      state of soot and sulfuric acid aerosol particles in order
                      to properly assess their role in cirrus formation.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-I},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB47},
      pnm          = {Chemie und Dynamik der Geo-Biosphäre},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK257},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000229988800002},
      doi          = {10.1029/2004JD005169},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/42502},
}