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@ARTICLE{Spang:44587,
      author       = {Spang, R. and Remedios, J. J. and Kramer, L. J. and Poole,
                      L. R. and Fromm, M. D. and Müller, M. and Baumgarten, G.
                      and Konopka, Paul},
      title        = {{P}olar stratospheric cloud observations by {MIPAS} on
                      {ENVISAT}: detection method, validation and analysis of the
                      northern hemisphere winter 2002/2003},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {5},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-44587},
      pages        = {679 - 692},
      year         = {2005},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012},
      abstract     = {The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric
                      Sounding (MIPAS) on ENVISAT has made extensive measurements
                      of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) in the northern
                      hemisphere winter 2002/2003. A PSC detection method based on
                      a ratio of radiances (the cloud index) has been implemented
                      for MIPAS and is validated in this study with respect to
                      ground-based lidar and space borne occultation measurements.
                      A very good correspondence in PSC sighting and cloud
                      altitude between MIPAS detections and those of other
                      instruments is found for cloud index values of less than
                      four. Comparisons with data from the Stratospheric Aerosol
                      and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III are used to further show that
                      the sensitivity of the MIPAS detection method for this
                      threshold value of cloud index is approximately equivalent
                      to an extinction limit of 10(-3) km(-1) at 1022 nm, a
                      wavelength used by solar occultation experiments. The MIPAS
                      cloud index data are subsequently used to examine, for the
                      first time with any technique, the evolution of PSCs
                      throughout the Arctic polar vortex up to a latitude close to
                      90degrees north on a near-daily basis. We find that the
                      winter of 2002/2003 is characterised by three phases of very
                      different PSC activity. First, an unusual, extremely cold
                      phase in the first three weeks of December resulted in high
                      PSC occurrence rates. This was followed by a second phase of
                      only moderate PSC activity from 5-13 January, separated from
                      the first phase by a minor warming event. Finally there was
                      a third phase from February to the end of March where only
                      sporadic and mostly weak PSC events took place. The
                      composition of PSCs during the winter period has also been
                      examined, exploiting in particular an infra-red spectral
                      signature which is probably characteristic of NAT. The MIPAS
                      observations show the presence of these particles on a
                      number of occasions in December but very rarely in January.
                      The PSC type differentiation from MIPAS indicates that
                      future comparisons of PSC observations with microphysical
                      and denitrification models might be revealing about aspects
                      of solid particle existence and location.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {ICG-I},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB47},
      pnm          = {Chemie und Dynamik der Geo-Biosphäre},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK257},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000227344000002},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/44587},
}